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The focus of this report is upon information essential to the
understanding of the toxic action of cadmium and the relationship
between dose (exposure) and effects on human beings and animals.
The therapy of cadmium poisoning has not been discussed.This review
on cadmium in the environment has been performed under a contract
between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Department
of Environmental Hygiene of the Karolinska Institute, Sweden. The
report is intended to serve as a background paper for a future Air
Quality Criteria document on cadmium. Therefore, particular
attention has been given to information relevant for the evaluation
of risks due to long-term exposure to low concentrations of
cadmium. Acute effects from short-term exposure to high
concentrations are dealt with briefly. In vitro studies without
bearing on the main problem have not been dealt with.The report is
not limited to effects from exposure via inhalation. Newly
accessible information, showing that large populations may be
exposed considerably via the oral route, can elucidate chronic
effects of cadmium in general. Man and animals can be victims of
secondary exposure through vehicles such as food and water which
have been contaminated by cadmium in air.
This document is the result of a conference on "Biological
Monitoring of Metals" held in Rochester, June 2-6, 1986, organized
jointly by the Environmental Health Sciences Center of the School
of Medicine and Dentistry of the University of Rochester, NY, and
the Scientific Committee on the Toxicology of Metals within the
International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH) at the
Karolinska Institute and the National (Swedish) Institute of
Environmental Medicine and the University of Umea, Sweden. The aim
of the Conference was to define and evaluate the scientific basis
for the biological monitoring of metals. The conference was
co-sponsored by the World Health Organization through its
International Program on Chemical Safety and received substantial
encouragement and support from the Swedish Work Environmental Fund
and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. This was the
second conference organized jointly by the Scientific Committee on
the Toxicology of Metals and The Toxicology Division of the
University of Rochester. The previous joint conference was held in
1982 on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals. In
addition, conferences have been organized by each group (see
Appendices A and B). Several of these conferences are specially
relevant to the topic of the current conference. These include the
joint conference mentioned above and the conferences on dose-effect
and dose-response relationship held in Tokyo in 1974 and on
accumulation of metals held in Buenos Aires in 1972.
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