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This book focuses on control units, which are a vital part of
modern digital systems, and responsible for the efficiency of
controlled systems. The model of a finite state machine (FSM) is
often used to represent the behavior of a control unit. As a rule,
control units have irregular structures that make it impossible to
design their logic circuits using the standard library cells.
Design methods depend strongly on such factors as the FSM used,
specific features of the logic elements implemented in the FSM
logic circuit, and the characteristics of the control algorithm to
be interpreted. This book discusses Moore and Mealy FSMs
implemented with FPGA chips, including look-up table elements (LUT)
and embedded memory blocks (EMB). It is crucial to minimize the
number of LUTs and EMBs in an FSM logic circuit, as well as to make
the interconnections between the logic elements more regular, and
various methods of structural decompositions can be used to solve
this problem. These methods are reduced to the presentation of an
FSM circuit as a composition of different logic blocks, the
majority of which implement systems of intermediate logic functions
different (and much simpler) than input memory functions and FSM
output functions. The structural decomposition results in
multilevel FSM circuits having fewer logic elements than equivalent
single-level circuits. The book describes well-known methods of
structural decomposition and proposes new ones, examining their
impact on the final amount of hardware in an FSM circuit. It is of
interest to students and postgraduates in the area of Computer
Science, as well as experts involved in designing digital systems
with complex control units. The proposed models and design methods
open new possibilities for creating logic circuits of control units
with an optimal amount of hardware and regular interconnections.
This book focuses on control units, which are a vital part of
modern digital systems, and responsible for the efficiency of
controlled systems. The model of a finite state machine (FSM) is
often used to represent the behavior of a control unit. As a rule,
control units have irregular structures that make it impossible to
design their logic circuits using the standard library cells.
Design methods depend strongly on such factors as the FSM used,
specific features of the logic elements implemented in the FSM
logic circuit, and the characteristics of the control algorithm to
be interpreted. This book discusses Moore and Mealy FSMs
implemented with FPGA chips, including look-up table elements (LUT)
and embedded memory blocks (EMB). It is crucial to minimize the
number of LUTs and EMBs in an FSM logic circuit, as well as to make
the interconnections between the logic elements more regular, and
various methods of structural decompositions can be used to solve
this problem. These methods are reduced to the presentation of an
FSM circuit as a composition of different logic blocks, the
majority of which implement systems of intermediate logic functions
different (and much simpler) than input memory functions and FSM
output functions. The structural decomposition results in
multilevel FSM circuits having fewer logic elements than equivalent
single-level circuits. The book describes well-known methods of
structural decomposition and proposes new ones, examining their
impact on the final amount of hardware in an FSM circuit. It is of
interest to students and postgraduates in the area of Computer
Science, as well as experts involved in designing digital systems
with complex control units. The proposed models and design methods
open new possibilities for creating logic circuits of control units
with an optimal amount of hardware and regular interconnections.
This book is devoted to embedded systems (ESs), which can now be
found in practically all fields of human activity. Embedded systems
are essentially a special class of computing systems designed for
monitoring and controlling objects of the physical world. The book
begins by discussing the distinctive features of ESs, above all
their cybernetic-physical character, and how they can be designed
to deliver the required performance with a minimum amount of
hardware. In turn, it presents a range of design methodologies.
Considerable attention is paid to the hardware implementation of
computational algorithms. It is shown that different parts of
complex ESs could be implemented using models of finite state
machines (FSMs). Also, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are
very often used to implement different hardware accelerators in
ESs. The book pays considerable attention to design methods for
FPGA-based FSMs, before the closing section turns to programmable
logic controllers widely used in industry. This book will be
interesting and useful for students and postgraduates in the area
of Computer Science, as well as for designers of embedded systems.
In addition, it offers a good point of departure for creating
embedded systems for various spheres of human activity.
This book discusses Moore finite state machines (FSMs) implemented
with field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) including look-up table
(LUT) elements and embedded memory blocks (EMBs). To minimize the
number of LUTs in FSM logic circuits, the authors propose replacing
a state register with a state counter. They also put forward an
approach allowing linear chains of states to be created, which
simplifies the system of input memory functions and, therefore,
decreases the number of LUTs in the resulting FSM circuit. The
authors combine this approach with using EMBs to implement the
system of output functions (microoperations). This allows a
significant decrease in the number of LUTs, as well as eliminating
a lot of interconnections in the FSM logic circuit. As a rule, it
also reduces the area occupied by the circuit and diminishes the
resulting power dissipation. This book is an interesting and
valuable resource for students and postgraduates in the area of
computer science, as well as for designers of digital systems that
included complex control units
This book discusses Moore finite state machines (FSMs) implemented
with field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) including look-up table
(LUT) elements and embedded memory blocks (EMBs). To minimize the
number of LUTs in FSM logic circuits, the authors propose replacing
a state register with a state counter. They also put forward an
approach allowing linear chains of states to be created, which
simplifies the system of input memory functions and, therefore,
decreases the number of LUTs in the resulting FSM circuit. The
authors combine this approach with using EMBs to implement the
system of output functions (microoperations). This allows a
significant decrease in the number of LUTs, as well as eliminating
a lot of interconnections in the FSM logic circuit. As a rule, it
also reduces the area occupied by the circuit and diminishes the
resulting power dissipation. This book is an interesting and
valuable resource for students and postgraduates in the area of
computer science, as well as for designers of digital systems that
included complex control units
The book is composed of two parts. The first part introduces the
concepts of the design of digital systems using contemporary
field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Various design techniques
are discussed and illustrated by examples. The operation and
effectiveness of these techniques is demonstrated through
experiments that use relatively cheap prototyping boards that are
widely available. The book begins with easily understandable
introductory sections, continues with commonly used digital
circuits, and then gradually extends to more advanced topics. The
advanced topics include novel techniques where parallelism is
applied extensively. These techniques involve not only core
reconfigurable logical elements, but also use embedded blocks such
as memories and digital signal processing slices and interactions
with general-purpose and application-specific computing systems.
Fully synthesizable specifications are provided in a
hardware-description language (VHDL) and are ready to be tested and
incorporated in engineering designs. A number of practical
applications are discussed from areas such as data processing and
vector-based computations (e.g. Hamming weight
counters/comparators). The second part of the book covers the more
theoretical aspects of finite state machine synthesis with the main
objective of reducing basic FPGA resources, minimizing delays and
achieving greater optimization of circuits and systems.
This book discusses control units represented by the model of a
finite state machine (FSM). It contains various original methods
and takes into account the peculiarities of field-programmable gate
arrays (FPGA) chips and a FSM model. It shows that one of the
peculiarities of FPGA chips is the existence of embedded memory
blocks (EMB). The book is devoted to the solution of problems of
logic synthesis and reduction of hardware amount in control units.
The book will be interesting and useful for researchers and PhD
students in the area of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, as well as for designers of modern digital systems.
This book discusses control units represented by the model of a
finite state machine (FSM). It contains various original methods
and takes into account the peculiarities of field-programmable gate
arrays (FPGA) chips and a FSM model. It shows that one of the
peculiarities of FPGA chips is the existence of embedded memory
blocks (EMB). The book is devoted to the solution of problems of
logic synthesis and reduction of hardware amount in control units.
The book will be interesting and useful for researchers and PhD
students in the area of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, as well as for designers of modern digital systems.
The book is composed of two parts. The first part introduces the
concepts of the design of digital systems using contemporary
field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Various design techniques
are discussed and illustrated by examples. The operation and
effectiveness of these techniques is demonstrated through
experiments that use relatively cheap prototyping boards that are
widely available. The book begins with easily understandable
introductory sections, continues with commonly used digital
circuits, and then gradually extends to more advanced topics. The
advanced topics include novel techniques where parallelism is
applied extensively. These techniques involve not only core
reconfigurable logical elements, but also use embedded blocks such
as memories and digital signal processing slices and interactions
with general-purpose and application-specific computing systems.
Fully synthesizable specifications are provided in a
hardware-description language (VHDL) and are ready to be tested and
incorporated in engineering designs. A number of practical
applications are discussed from areas such as data processing and
vector-based computations (e.g. Hamming weight
counters/comparators). The second part of the book covers the more
theoretical aspects of finite state machine synthesis with the main
objective of reducing basic FPGA resources, minimizing delays and
achieving greater optimization of circuits and systems.
The book is devoted to mathematical foundations providing synthesis
and analysis of control and adaptation algorithms targeting modern
telecommunication systems (TCS). These algorithms are finding more
and more applications in modern telecommunication technologies and
they determine the efficiency of TCS. The concept of
telecommunication management network is used as a base methodology.
The most popular technologies and network management methods are
discussed. They include such issues as Common Management
Information Protocol, Remote Network Management Protocol
Information Base, Simple Network Management Protocol, and Net Flow.
The methods of state variables are used as the main mathematic
approaches for simulating control tasks. It allows solving the
dynamic problems in the recursive style. The decomposition theorem
is used for synthesis of control algorithms. Such issues as control
algorithms for system observation and system state are discussed in
details. The interpretation of applicability for discussed
algorithms is given. Some part of the book is devoted to methods of
statistic gathering and suppressing of a priori uncertainty. They
are reduced to constructing adaptive procedures and algorithms of
self-organization and self-repairing for intellectual taught
systems. The neural networks, multifunctional automata and Petri
nets are discussed as examples. Also, tasks and problems of
business processes management are shown in their connection with
TCS. Our book targets on students, PhD students and professionals
in the area of telecommunications. We hope it will be useful for
everybody connected with the new information technologies.
Tremendous achievements in the area of semiconductor electronics
turn - croelectronics into nanoelectronics. Actually, we observe a
real technical boom connected with achievements in nanoelectronics.
It results in devel- mentofverycomplexintegratedcircuits,
particularlythe?eldprogrammable logic devices (FPLD). Up-to-day
FPLD chips are so huge, that it is enough only one chip to
implement a really complex digital system including a da- path and
a control unit. Because of the extreme complexity of modern -
crochips, it is very important to develop e?ective design methods
oriented on particular properties of logic elements. The
development of digital s- tems with use of FPLD microchips is not
possible without use of di?erent hardware description
languages(HDL), such as VHDL and Verilog. Di?erent computer-aided
design tools (CAD) are wide used to develop digital system
hardware. As majorityof researchespoint out, the design processis
nowvery similar to the process of program development. It allows a
researcher to pay more attention to some speci?c problems, where
there are no standard f- mal methods of their solution. But
application of all these achievements does not guaranteeper
sedevelopmentof some competitiveelectronic product, - pecially in
the acceptable time-to-market. This problem solution is possible
only if a researcher possesses fundamental knowledge of a design
process and knows exactly the mode of operation of industrial CAD
tools in use. As it is known, any digital system can be represented
as a composition of a da- path and a control uni
The book is devoted to mathematical foundations providing synthesis
and analysis of control and adaptation algorithms targeting modern
telecommunication systems (TCS). These algorithms are finding more
and more applications in modern telecommunication technologies and
they determine the efficiency of TCS. The concept of
telecommunication management network is used as a base methodology.
The most popular technologies and network management methods are
discussed. They include such issues as Common Management
Information Protocol, Remote Network Management Protocol
Information Base, Simple Network Management Protocol, and Net Flow.
The methods of state variables are used as the main mathematic
approaches for simulating control tasks. It allows solving the
dynamic problems in the recursive style. The decomposition theorem
is used for synthesis of control algorithms. Such issues as control
algorithms for system observation and system state are discussed in
details. The interpretation of applicability for discussed
algorithms is given. Some part of the book is devoted to methods of
statistic gathering and suppressing of a priori uncertainty. They
are reduced to constructing adaptive procedures and algorithms of
self-organization and self-repairing for intellectual taught
systems. The neural networks, multifunctional automata and Petri
nets are discussed as examples. Also, tasks and problems of
business processes management are shown in their connection with
TCS. Our book targets on students, PhD students and professionals
in the area of telecommunications. We hope it will be useful for
everybody connected with the new information technologies.
One of the very important parts of any digital system is the
control unit, coordin- ing interplay of other system blocks. As a
rule, control units have irregular str- ture, which makes process
of their logic circuits design very sophisticated. In case of
complex logic controllers, the problem of system design is reduced
practically to the design of control units. Actually, we observe a
real technical boom connected with achievements in semiconductor
technology. One of these is the development of integrated circuit
known as the "systems-on-a-programmable- chip" (SoPC), where the
number of elements approaches one billion. Because of the extreme
complexity of microchips, it is very important to develop effective
design methods oriented on particular properties of logical
elements. Solution of this problem permits impr- ing functional
capabilities of the target digital system inside single SoPC chip.
As majority of researches point out, design methods used in case of
industrial packages are, in case of complex digital system design,
far from optimal. Similar problems concern the design of control
units with standard ?eld-programmable logic devices (FPLD), such as
PLA, PAL, GAL, CPLD, and FPGA. Let us point out that modern SoPC
are based on CPLD or FPGA technology. Thus, the development of eff-
tive design methods oriented on FPLD implementation of logic
circuits used in the control units still remains the problem of
great importance.
Tremendous achievements in the area of semiconductor electronics
turn - croelectronics into nanoelectronics. Actually, we observe a
real technical boom connected with achievements in nanoelectronics.
It results in devel- mentofverycomplexintegratedcircuits,
particularlythe?eldprogrammable logic devices (FPLD). Up-to-day
FPLD chips are so huge, that it is enough only one chip to
implement a really complex digital system including a da- path and
a control unit. Because of the extreme complexity of modern -
crochips, it is very important to develop e?ective design methods
oriented on particular properties of logic elements. The
development of digital s- tems with use of FPLD microchips is not
possible without use of di?erent hardware description
languages(HDL), such as VHDL and Verilog. Di?erent computer-aided
design tools (CAD) are wide used to develop digital system
hardware. As majorityof researchespoint out, the design processis
nowvery similar to the process of program development. It allows a
researcher to pay more attention to some speci?c problems, where
there are no standard f- mal methods of their solution. But
application of all these achievements does not guaranteeper
sedevelopmentof some competitiveelectronic product, - pecially in
the acceptable time-to-market. This problem solution is possible
only if a researcher possesses fundamental knowledge of a design
process and knows exactly the mode of operation of industrial CAD
tools in use. As it is known, any digital system can be represented
as a composition of a da- path and a control uni
One of the very important parts of any digital system is the
control unit, coordin- ing interplay of other system blocks. As a
rule, control units have irregular str- ture, which makes process
of their logic circuits design very sophisticated. In case of
complex logic controllers, the problem of system design is reduced
practically to the design of control units. Actually, we observe a
real technical boom connected with achievements in semiconductor
technology. One of these is the development of integrated circuit
known as the "systems-on-a-programmable- chip" (SoPC), where the
number of elements approaches one billion. Because of the extreme
complexity of microchips, it is very important to develop effective
design methods oriented on particular properties of logical
elements. Solution of this problem permits impr- ing functional
capabilities of the target digital system inside single SoPC chip.
As majority of researches point out, design methods used in case of
industrial packages are, in case of complex digital system design,
far from optimal. Similar problems concern the design of control
units with standard ?eld-programmable logic devices (FPLD), such as
PLA, PAL, GAL, CPLD, and FPGA. Let us point out that modern SoPC
are based on CPLD or FPGA technology. Thus, the development of eff-
tive design methods oriented on FPLD implementation of logic
circuits used in the control units still remains the problem of
great importance.
This book is devoted to embedded systems (ESs), which can now be
found in practically all fields of human activity. Embedded systems
are essentially a special class of computing systems designed for
monitoring and controlling objects of the physical world. The book
begins by discussing the distinctive features of ESs, above all
their cybernetic-physical character, and how they can be designed
to deliver the required performance with a minimum amount of
hardware. In turn, it presents a range of design methodologies.
Considerable attention is paid to the hardware implementation of
computational algorithms. It is shown that different parts of
complex ESs could be implemented using models of finite state
machines (FSMs). Also, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are
very often used to implement different hardware accelerators in
ESs. The book pays considerable attention to design methods for
FPGA-based FSMs, before the closing section turns to programmable
logic controllers widely used in industry. This book will be
interesting and useful for students and postgraduates in the area
of Computer Science, as well as for designers of embedded systems.
In addition, it offers a good point of departure for creating
embedded systems for various spheres of human activity.
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