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The present outline of astrocytic metabolic pathways involved in
glucose and amino acid metabolism provides detailed information
about the enzymatic pathways involved, as well as a description of
the basic properties of the enzymes including regulatory
mechanisms. Hence, the glycolytic pathway and glycogen metabolism
are outlined, followed by a detailed account of pyruvate oxidation
and its role as a substrate for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
Moreover, a detailed description of the main enzymes involved in
glutamate metabolism is provided and the role of the
glutamate-glutamine cycle is explained. Since this text is
primarily covering astrocytic metabolism, an emphasis has been
placed on a discussion of the significance of the astrocyte
specific enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and glutamine synthetase,
which enable these cells to perform a net synthesis of glutamine,
the precursor for synthesis of glutamate and -aminobutyrate (GABA),
the main neurotransmitters of the brain. With this, we have
underlined the fundamental importance of astrocytic metabolism for
neuronal function with a particular emphasis on the fact that,
without continuous support from the astrocytic partners in synaptic
function, glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission would not
be possible. It is thought provoking that these neurotransmission
processes, which account for the vast majority of synaptic activity
in the brain, have been made totally dependent on astrocytic
metabolic support, particularly with regard to replenishment of the
respective neurotransmitters.
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