Over the past decade, states and international organizations have shifted a surprising range of foreign policy functions to private contractors. But who is accountable when the employees of foreign private firms do violence or create harm? This timely book describes the services that are now delivered by private contractors and the threat this trend poses to core public values of human rights, democratic accountability, and transparency. The author offers a series of concrete reforms that are necessary to expand traditional legal accountability, construct better mechanisms of public participation, and alter the organizational structure and institutional culture of contractor firms. The result is a pragmatic, nuanced, and comprehensive set of responses to the problem of foreign affairs privatization.

Scholars of international human rights law are largely unfamiliar with law and society scholarship, while the study of international human rights has remained at the margins of the law and society movement. International Law and Society: Empirical Approaches to Human Rights seeks to bridge this gap by presenting the work of a growing number of academics who are adopting a range of empirical approaches to international human rights. Drawn from the fields of anthropology, sociology, political science and law, the studies featured in this volume use a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze core issues of international law and human rights, such as compliance, the development of norms and the role of social movements.

This book provides a pathbreaking attempt both to define the important legal questions related to the growing use of “big data” in extraterritorial military operations, and to begin to provide some answers. Big data, meaning the troves of data generated by new information technologies and the advanced analytics used to process that data, is radically reshaping the modern battlefield. Like many new military technologies and capabilities, the myriad uses of big data present broad questions about how to translate existing rules and principles embedded in multiple bodies of law to these new contexts, both within armed conflict, as part of adversarial activities below the armed conflict threshold, and in a range of related operations that increasingly use, deploy, and target such data. These questions extend beyond the role of big data within weapons systems and other military capabilities to questions about the nature of civilian harm, scope of individual rights, atrocity investigation, and humanitarian relief. The chapters in this book comprise the first initiative to grapple with a wide swath of these questions including whether, and how, jus ad bellum, international humanitarian law, international human rights law, and international criminal law might apply to operations involving big data. At the same time, because big data is so transformative, the uses of such data provoke deeper questions about the law itself, exposing gaps and interpretive ambiguities in existing legal frameworks that generate critiques of those frameworks as inadequate. Accordingly, while big data holds enormous promise, it also has the potential to disrupt modern warfare and the rule of law itself. This book confronts these issues directly, offers a range of approaches, and suggests an initial roadmap for scholars and practitioners alike.