Being deployed to a war zone can result in numerous adverse psychological health conditions. It is well documented in the literature that there are high rates of psychological disorders among military personnel serving in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq as well as among the service members' families. For service members' families, the degree of hardship and negative consequences rises with the amount of the service members' exposure to traumatic or life-altering experiences. Adult and child members of the families of service members who experience wartime deployments have been found to be at increased risk for symptoms of psychological disorders and to be more likely to use mental health services. In an effort to provide early recognition and early intervention that meet the psychological health needs of service members and their families, DOD currently screens for many of these conditions at numerous points during the military life cycle, and it is implementing structural interventions that support the improved integration of military line personnel, non-medical caregivers, and clinicians, such as RESPECT-Mil (Re-engineering Systems of Primary Care Treatment in the Military), embedded mental health providers, and the Patient-Centered Medical Home. Preventing Psychological Disorders in Service Members and Their Families evaluates risk and protective factors in military and family populations and suggests that prevention strategies are needed at multiple levels - individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and societal - in order to address the influence that these factors have on psychological health. This report reviews and critiques reintegration programs and prevention strategies for PTSD, depression, recovery support, and prevention of substance abuse, suicide, and interpersonal violence. Table of Contents Front Matter SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS FOR REVIEWING EVIDENCE-BASED PREVENTION IN PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH 3 UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH IN THE MILITARY 4 EVIDENCE FOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INTERVENTIONS FOR PREVENTING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS 5 MEASUREMENT OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS RELATED TO PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH 6 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Appendix A: SUMMARY FROM *RETURNING HOME FROM IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN: ASSESSMENT OF READJUSTMENT NEEDS OF SERVICE MEMBERS AND THEIR FAMILIES* Appendix B: INFORMATION-GATHERING MEETING AGENDA Appendix C: SUPPLEMENTAL HEALTH SCREENING QUESTIONNAIRE Appendix D: PRE-DEPLOYMENT HEALTH ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE Appendix E: POST-DEPLOYMENT HEALTH ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE Appendix F: POST-DEPLOYMENT HEALTH RE-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE Appendix G: PROGRAM REVIEWS FROM *SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS IN THE U.S. ARMED FORCES* Appendix H: TABLE OF DOD PROGRAMS TO INCREASE RESILIENCE OR PREVENT PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH DISORDERS, AS IDENTIFIED BY RAND

'Long COVID' refers to the wide range of long-lasting symptoms experienced by some patients after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most common symptoms include fatigue, headache, brain fog, shortness of breath, hair loss, and pain. At this time, there are many knowledge gaps related to Long COVID, including the prevalence of the condition, the impact of the symptoms on survivors' ability to function, and the long-term course of the condition. While many individuals with Long COVID recover within one year, others experience little or no decrease in symptom severity over time. Long COVID symptoms can affect a person's ability to work and otherwise function in daily life, so people with the condition may need to utilize programs such as Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and the Supplemental Security Income Program (SSI). The Social Security Administration (SSA), which administers both of these programs, requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine host a public workshop to discuss research into the long-term health effects of COVID-19, their impacts on individuals and populations, and how the SSDI and SSI programs can support individuals who suffer disability as a result of Long COVID. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Long COVID and Disability 3 Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Implications for Recovery 4 Patient and Caregiver Perspectives on Living with Long COVID 5 Long-Term Impairments and Functional Limitations Related to Long COVID 6 Clinical Practices and System Approaches for Improving Health and Recovery from Long COVID 7 Exploring Future Directions in the Treatment of Long COVID Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Planning Committee Members and Speakers

Transplantation of a solid organ, such as a kidney, heart, or liver, is a lifesaving procedure and is sometimes the only viable treatment for patients experiencing end-stage organ failure as a result of illness or injury. A growing prevalence of solid organ diseases in the United States is contributing to more people needing a transplant and longer wait times on the national transplant waiting list. While transplantation can lengthen a person's life, the road to recovery is difficult and complex. Transplant recipients commonly experience considerable impairments related to health factors, medication side effects, organ rejection, or other setbacks that can cause functional limitations. A spectrum of services and supports can be beneficial to patient functioning and quality of life, but patient access is variable due to individual, system, and social factors. To gain an understanding of current scientific findings in the field of solid organ transplantation, the U.S. Social Security Administration asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Board on Health Care Services to organize a virtual public workshop to examine disability associated with organ transplantation. The workshop, held March 22-23, 2021, focused on kidney, heart, liver, and lung transplantation, and to a lesser extent intestine transplantation. Subject-matter experts presented on clinical aspects of post-transplantation recovery and described the implications for physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning in adults and children. This publication summarizes the presentations and panel discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Solid Organ Transplantation in the United States and the Experiences of Organ Recipients and Their Caregivers 3 Organ Transplantation and Disability in Adults 4 Organ Transplantation and Disability in Children and Adolescents 5 Treatments, Technologies, and Interventions Affecting Function After Transplantation 6 Future Outlook for Organ Transplantation and Disability References Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Planning Committee Members and Speakers