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Scholars, journalists, and policymakers have long argued that the
1965 Immigration and Nationality Act dramatically reshaped the
demographic composition of the United States. In A Nation of
Immigrants Reconsidered, leading scholars of immigration explore
how the political and ideological struggles of the "age of
restriction"--from 1924 to 1965--paved the way for the changes to
come. The essays examine how geopolitics, civil rights, perceptions
of America's role as a humanitarian sanctuary, and economic
priorities led government officials to facilitate the entrance of
specific immigrant groups, thereby establishing the legal
precedents for future policies. Eye-opening articles discuss
Japanese war brides and changing views of miscegenation, the
recruitment of former Nazi scientists, a temporary workers program
with Japanese immigrants, the emotional separation of Mexican
immigrant families, Puerto Rican youth's efforts to claim an
American identity, and the restaurant raids of conscripted Chinese
sailors during World War II. Contributors: Eiichiro Azuma, David
Cook-Martin, David FitzGerald, Monique Laney, Heather Lee, Kathleen
Lopez, Laura Madokoro, Ronald L. Mize, Arissa H. Oh, Ana Elizabeth
Rosas, Lorrin Thomas, Ruth Ellen Wasem, and Elliott Young
The 1949 Chinese Communist Revolution is a subject of inexhaustible
historical interest, but the plight of millions of Chinese who fled
China during this tumultuous period has been largely forgotten.
Elusive Refuge recovers the history of China's twentieth-century
refugees. Focusing on humanitarian efforts to find new homes for
Chinese displaced by civil strife, Laura Madokoro points out a
constellation of factors-entrenched bigotry in countries originally
settled by white Europeans, the spread of human rights ideals, and
the geopolitical pressures of the Cold War-which coalesced to shape
domestic and international refugee policies that still hold sway
today. Although the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand,
and South Africa were home to sizeable Asian communities, Chinese
migrants were a perpetual target of legislation designed to exclude
them. In the wake of the 1949 Revolution, government officials and
the broader public of these countries questioned whether Chinese
refugees were true victims of persecution or opportunistic economic
migrants undeserving of entry. It fell to NGOs such as the Lutheran
World Federation and the World Council of Churches to publicize the
quandary of the vast community of Chinese who had become stranded
in Hong Kong. These humanitarian organizations achieved some key
victories in convincing Western governments to admit Chinese
refugees. Anticommunist sentiment also played a role in easing
restrictions. But only the plight of Southeast Asians fleeing the
Vietnam War finally convinced the United States and other countries
to adopt a policy of granting permanent residence to significant
numbers of refugees from Asia.
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