This concise and cogent history of the Mexico/U.S. border conflict analyzes the acts that led to the current U.S. policy and its effects on immigration. Although immigration and the U.S./Mexico border are perennial election issues, few Americans are aware of the long history of racial, political, religious, and class conflict that have resulted in America's contentious immigration policies. Running the Border Gauntlet traces this complex history, examining events that eventually led to the forceful annexation of the majority of Mexico under the pretense of Manifest Destiny and that contribute to tensions between the two nations today. The story begins with religious discord between Protestants and Catholics and continues through the development of an economy based on slave labor, the annexation of Texas, the Mexican Revolution, the Bracero Program, NAFTA, and the "war on drugs." Among other revelations, the book challenges the long-held myths of the Texas revolution and the heroic role of the Texas Rangers and documents a continuing disregard for the welfare of indigenous populations. Drawing on all that went before, it explains not only the how and why of current U.S. immigration policy, but also its often-devastating effects on migrant workers. Primary source documents include presidential papers, treaties, UN reports, and more Presents a chronology of major events in both the United States and Mexico over time Provides three maps of Texas prior to the creation of the Texas Republic Includes a comprehensive bibliography across academic disciplines

* Discusses ethics within the context of the US's history of institutional and systemic racial and gender bias * Relevant to students of criminal justice, as well as scholars, researchers, and professionals in both the social and physical sciences * A concise and readable overview of the state of American ethics and its evolution over time

* Discusses ethics within the context of the US's history of institutional and systemic racial and gender bias * Relevant to students of criminal justice, as well as scholars, researchers, and professionals in both the social and physical sciences * A concise and readable overview of the state of American ethics and its evolution over time

Native Americans are disproportionately represented as offenders in the U.S. criminal justice system. Routledge Handbook on Native American Justice Issues is an authoritative volume that provides an overview of the state of American Indigenous populations and their contact with justice concerns and the criminal justice system. The volume covers the history and origins of Indian Country in America; continuing controversies regarding treaties; unique issues surrounding tribal law enforcement; the operation of tribal courts and corrections, including the influence of Indigenous restorative justice practices; the impact of native religions and customs; youth justice issues, including educational practices and gaps; women's justice issues; and special circumstances surrounding healthcare for Indians, including the role substance abuse plays in contributing to criminal justice problems. Bringing together contributions from leading scholars - many of them Native Americans - that explore key issues fundamental to understanding the relationships between Native peoples and contemporary criminal justice, editor Laurence Armand French draws on more than 40 years of experience with Native American individuals and groups to provide contextual material that incorporates criminology, sociology, anthropology, cultural psychology, and history to give readers a true picture of the wrongs perpetrated against Native Americans and their effects on the current operation of Native American justice. This compilation analyzes the nature of justice for Native Americans, including unique and emerging problems, theoretical issues, and policy implications. It is a valuable resource for all scholars with an interest in Native American culture and in the analysis and rectification of the criminal justice system's disparate impact on people of color.

Bias, prejudice, and corruption riddle the history of US jurisprudence. Policing American Indians: A Unique Chapter in American Jurisprudence explores these injustices, specifically the treatment of American Indians. A mix of academic research as well as field experience, this book draws on author Laurence French's more than 40 years of experience with American Indian individuals and groups. It illustrates how, despite changes in the law to correct past injustices, a subculture of discrimination often persists in law enforcement, whether by a prosecutor or a street cop. The book provides specific examples of the role of police in extra-legal confrontations with American Indians, as well as examples of using the US military to police American Indians. It covers the ways in which US policy regarding American Indians has changed since the country's birth, including recent changes in policy as a response to issues of national security following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Policing American Indians takes an interdisciplinary approach that includes criminology, sociology, anthropology, cultural psychology, and historical analysis of geopolitics. It challenges actual historical practices of the basic concepts of due process and justice for all espoused by the American criminal justice system. It also adds a nuanced cultural dimension to the history of policing in American history to give you a more detailed image of unjust behavior in the history of American criminal justice.

North American Border Conflicts: Race, Politics, and Ethics adds to the current discussion on class, race, ethnic, and sectarian divides, not only within the United States but throughout the Americas in general. The book explores the phenomenon of border challenges throughout the world, particularly the current increase in population migration in the America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, which has been linked to human trafficking and many other causes of human suffering. North American Border Conflicts takes students through the rich, sad history of border conflict on this continent.

Substance abuse is a major health and social problem plaguing Native Americans both historically and today. After presenting the social and psychological factors that have contributed to Native American addictions and the patterns of behavior and circumstances associated with this complex and widespread problem, French discusses the treatment, intervention, and prevention issues facing therapists. He also explores the development and consequences of a new form of addiction, compulsive gambling, focusing on its relationship to substance abuse. A major contribution of this volume is its review and critique of regulatory acts documenting federal policy.

Bias, prejudice, and corruption riddle the history of US jurisprudence. Policing American Indians: A Unique Chapter in American Jurisprudence explores these injustices, specifically the treatment of American Indians. A mix of academic research as well as field experience, this book draws on author Laurence French's more than 40 years of experience with American Indian individuals and groups. It illustrates how, despite changes in the law to correct past injustices, a subculture of discrimination often persists in law enforcement, whether by a prosecutor or a street cop. The book provides specific examples of the role of police in extra-legal confrontations with American Indians, as well as examples of using the US military to police American Indians. It covers the ways in which US policy regarding American Indians has changed since the country's birth, including recent changes in policy as a response to issues of national security following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Policing American Indians takes an interdisciplinary approach that includes criminology, sociology, anthropology, cultural psychology, and historical analysis of geopolitics. It challenges actual historical practices of the basic concepts of due process and justice for all espoused by the American criminal justice system. It also adds a nuanced cultural dimension to the history of policing in American history to give you a more detailed image of unjust behavior in the history of American criminal justice.

Native Americans are disproportionately represented as offenders in the U.S. criminal justice system. Routledge Handbook on Native American Justice Issues is an authoritative volume that provides an overview of the state of American Indigenous populations and their contact with justice concerns and the criminal justice system. The volume covers the history and origins of Indian Country in America; continuing controversies regarding treaties; unique issues surrounding tribal law enforcement; the operation of tribal courts and corrections, including the influence of Indigenous restorative justice practices; the impact of native religions and customs; youth justice issues, including educational practices and gaps; women's justice issues; and special circumstances surrounding healthcare for Indians, including the role substance abuse plays in contributing to criminal justice problems. Bringing together contributions from leading scholars - many of them Native Americans - that explore key issues fundamental to understanding the relationships between Native peoples and contemporary criminal justice, editor Laurence Armand French draws on more than 40 years of experience with Native American individuals and groups to provide contextual material that incorporates criminology, sociology, anthropology, cultural psychology, and history to give readers a true picture of the wrongs perpetrated against Native Americans and their effects on the current operation of Native American justice. This compilation analyzes the nature of justice for Native Americans, including unique and emerging problems, theoretical issues, and policy implications. It is a valuable resource for all scholars with an interest in Native American culture and in the analysis and rectification of the criminal justice system's disparate impact on people of color.

Borders and immigration are topics dominating world affairs during the 21st century including North America. This book examines the historical antecedents to the current crisis notably along the U.S.A./Mexico border under the Trump administration. Both the immigration and border issues transcend the current Administration with a history as long as that of America itself. Market demands often determined the influx of immigrants into the United States resulting in periods of anti-immigrant backlash based on race and ethnic factors. The geo-politics of market factors and immigrant backlash is rooted in both de jure and de facto politics. These factors are examined in detail with particular attention to the treatment of indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Borders and immigration are topics dominating world affairs during the 21st century including North America. This book examines the historical antecedents to the current crisis notably along the U.S.A./Mexico border under the Trump administration. Both the immigration and border issues transcend the current Administration with a history as long as that of America itself. Market demands often determined the influx of immigrants into the United States resulting in periods of anti-immigrant backlash based on race and ethnic factors. The geo-politics of market factors and immigrant backlash is rooted in both de jure and de facto politics. These factors are examined in detail with particular attention to the treatment of indigenous peoples of the Americas.

North American Border Conflicts: Race, Politics, and Ethics adds to the current discussion on class, race, ethnic, and sectarian divides, not only within the United States but throughout the Americas in general. The book explores the phenomenon of border challenges throughout the world, particularly the current increase in population migration in the America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, which has been linked to human trafficking and many other causes of human suffering. North American Border Conflicts takes students through the rich, sad history of border conflict on this continent.

America's first known system of law enforcement was established more than 350 years ago. Today law enforcement faces issues such as racial discrimination, use of force, and Body Worn Camera (BWC) scrutiny. But the birth and development of the American police can be traced to a multitude of historical, legal and political-economic conditions. In The History of Policing America: From Militias and Military to the Law Enforcement of Today, Laurence Armand French traces how and why law enforcement agencies evolved and became permanent agencies; looking logically through history and offering potential steps forward that could make a difference without triggering unconstructive backlash. From the establishment of the New World to the establishment of the Colonial Militia; from emergence of the Jim Crow Era to the emergence of the National Guard; from the creation of the U.S. Marshalls, federal law enforcement agencies, and state police agencies; this book traces the historical geo-political basis of policing in America and even looks at how certain events led to a call for a better trained, and subsequently armed, police, and the de facto militarization of law enforcement. The current controversy regarding policing in America has a long, historical background, and one that seems to repeat itself. The History of Policing America successfully portrays the long lived motto you can't know who you are until you know where you've come from.

Frog Town describes in detail a French Canadian parish that was unique due to the high density of both Acadian and Quebecois settlers that were situated in a Yankee stronghold of Puritan stock. This demography provided for a volatile history that accentuated the inter-ethnic/sectarian conflicts of the time. In this book, Laurence Armand French discusses the work, language, and social activities of the working-class French Canadians during the changing times that transformed them from French Canadians to Franco Americans. French also articulates the current double-standard of justice within New Hampshire with details of actual cases, presented alongside their circumstances and judicial outcomes, to offer a thorough depiction of the community of Frog Town.

Frog Town describes in detail a French Canadian parish that was unique due to the high density of both Acadian and Quebecois settlers that were situated in a Yankee stronghold of Puritan stock. This demography provided for a volatile history that accentuated the inter-ethnic/sectarian conflicts of the time. In this book, Laurence Armand French discusses the work, language, and social activities of the working-class French Canadians during the changing times that transformed them from French Canadians to Franco Americans. French also articulates the current double-standard of justice within New Hampshire with details of actual cases, presented alongside their circumstances and judicial outcomes, to offer a thorough depiction of the community of Frog Town."

War trauma has long been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a term coined in 1980 to explain the post-war impact of Vietnam veterans. The Gulf and Balkan wars added new dimensions to the traditional PTSD definition, due largely to the changing dynamics of these wars. With these wars came unprecedented use of reserve and National Guard personnel in U.S. forces along with the largest contingent of female military personnel to date. Rapid deployment, sexual assaults, and suicides surfaced as paramount untreated problems within coalition force. Rapes, torture, suicides, and a high prevalence of untreated civilian victims of the Balkan wars added to the new dimensions of the traumatic stress continuum. Suicide bombers and roadside bombings added to the definition of combat stress, as military personnel in Iraq and Afghanistan were forced to be constantly vigilant for these attacks-regardless of whether they served in combat areas.

American Indians have a cultural tradition which differs markedly from that of Western societies. Known as the Harmony Ethos, traditional (aboriginal) Indian cultures rely heavily on intragroup cooperation not only between humans but with all elements of nature. In contrast, Western societies tend to socialize their members to be competitive and independent regarding interpersonal relations while, at the same time, assuming a position of superiority regarding all other aspects of nature. This is known as the Protestant Ethic. Theories and techniques of counseling are, for the most part, grounded in the values of Western societies with therapists and counselors assuming that all their clients have been socialized within the Protestant Ethic. Unmodified, these clinical assumptions rarely apply to traditional American Indian clients. This book provides examples of culturally-relevant clinical adaptations as they apply to the largest Indian groups in the U.S. the Navajo, Cherokee and Sioux. It also addresses the most severe mental disorders afflicting American Indians today those of substance abuse and fetal alcoholism. This book provides historical and cultural foundations relevant to the traditional Navajo, Cherokee and Sioux, giving a basis for the culturally-specific clinical adaptations that are presented here. The unique therapy adaptations include cultural bibliotherapy for children and youth; a PanIndian synthesis of substance abuse therapy for Indian youth; survival therapy for Plains Indian adults and the use of the Navajo Beauty Way clinical model."