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Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are important research locations for many scientific disciplines, including oceanography, biology, and astronomy. Because of its remoteness and the extreme and dangerous weather conditions in which researchers must operate, research in this region presents many unique challenges. New and improved technologies can make Antarctic research safer, more efficient, and capable of covering a greater spatial and temporal range, all while minimizing the costs and environmental impacts of this research. At the request of the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs, the Polar Research Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on May 3-5, 2022, to solicit broad community ideas regarding how technological developments can advance and expand Antarctic research and polar research more generally. Workshop participants discussed recent and potential technological breakthroughs, cross-cutting research themes, and how new technologies can facilitate broader, more diverse participation in Antarctic research. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Overview 2 Introduction 3 Technologies for Research and Observational Instrumentation 4 Power and Energy for Polar Research 5 Data and Communications for Polar Research 6 Technology Advances to Expand Participation in Polar Research 7 Partnerships and Mechanisms to Facilitate Development and Application of New Research Technologies 8 Concluding Thoughts References Appendixes Appendix A: Statement of Task Appendix B: Planning Committee Biographies Appendix C: Workshop Agenda
The drylands region shared by the United States and Mexico currently faces multiple sustainability challenges at the intersection of the human and natural systems. Warming and drying conditions threaten surface water and groundwater availability, disrupt land- and marine-based livelihood systems, and challenge the sustainability of human settlements. These biophysical challenges are exacerbated by a highly mobile and dynamic population, volatile economic and policy conditions, increased exposure to extreme events, and urbanization on marginal, vulnerable lands. The U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine collaborated with the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Academy of Engineering, and the National Academy of Medicine to plan a 2-day binational workshop, Advancing Sustainability of U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Drylands. The workshop goals were to highlight the challenges facing the region, assess the scientific and technical capacity that each nation can bring to bear in addressing these challenges, and identify new opportunities for binational research collaboration and coordinated management approaches in the advancement of sustainability science and development. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction and Background 2 Understanding the Transboundary Drylands Region 3 Four Key Topics 4 Innovations and Solutions in Sustainability Science for Drylands Areas 5 Key Themes and Possible Next Step Appendix A Agenda Appendix B Participants Appendix C Biographical Sketches of Steering Committee Members and Presenters
Much of the ecological research in the past decades has focused on
rural or wilderness areas. Today, however, ecological research has
been taking place in our cities, where our everyday decisions can
have profound effects on our environment. This research, or urban
ecology, includes an important element, trees. Trees have had a
variety of environmental benefits for our environment including the
sequestering carbon, reducing urban heat island effects, providing
vital habitat for wildlife, and making nature accessible. These
benefits have important impacts on the physical, socio-economic,
and mental health of humans as well. Being exposed to trees has
been shown to enhance social cohesion, improve health and
recreational opportunities, and increase real estate values.
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