The idea that a single person can change the course of nations, peoples, and movements through the force of their own personality is something many may find fascinating and more than a little scary. How does such a thing happen? While much has been written about the lives of charismatic characters, scientific investigation of the phenomena is rare. In his latest book psychologist Len Oakes draws on a range of disciplines including theology, history, sociology and psychoanalysis to explore a personality so different from the general population that it is used by groups to solve problems that reason and tradition have failed to answer. With case studies and reviews of individuals such as Winston Churchill, Sigmund Freud, Adolf Hitler, Mohandas Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Germaine Greer, Girolamo Savonarola, Mao Tse-tung and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Oakes argues that charismatic leadership is a creative, problem-solving strategy that is resorted to in extremis, and that the reason it so often disappoints is may be due to the magnitude of the problems it is called upon to address. However, when it is successful it is spectacularly so, and may give birth to a new civilisation or religion.

New religious movements-or so-called "cults"-continue to attract and mystify us. While mainstream America views cults as an insidious mix of apocalyptic beliefs, science fiction, and paranoia, with new vehicles such as the World Wide Web, they are becoming even more influential as the millennium approaches. Len Oakes-a former member of such a movement-explores the phenomenon of cult leaders. He examines the psychology of charisma and proposes his own theory of the five-stage life cycle of the two types of prophets: the messianic and the charismatic.

New religious movements -- or so-called "cults" -- continue to attract and mystify us. While mainstream America views cults as an insidious mix of apocalyptic beliefs, science fiction, and paranoia, with new vehicles such as the World Wide Web, they are becoming even more influential as the millennium approaches.

Len Oakes -- a former member of such a movement -- explores the phenomenon of cult leaders. He examines the psychology of charisma and proposes his own theory of the five-stage life cycle of the two types of prophets: the messianic and charismatic.

Often characterized by isolation, autonomy, grandiosity, and manipulativeness Oakes maintains that the cult leader has a narcissistic personality. This individual possesses a heightened empathy, confidence, and memory, as well as autonomy and detachment -- while appearing disquietingly normal most of the time.

The author has interviewed several leaders whom, he feels, exemplify the charismatic personality. He also provides insight into the behavior and personality of many well-known cult leaders such as Jim Jones, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, L. Ron Hubbard, Werner Erhard, Kathryn Kuhlman, and J. H. Noyes.

For eleven years, Oakes was a member of a charismatic communal group, during which time he simultaneously undertook his research into the psychology of charisma. His results -- informed by both insider and academic viewpoints -- contradicts many current accepted beliefs about cult leaders and their followers.