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The city is a place to find shelter, a market place, and an
elevator for social mobility and success. But the city is also a
place that frightens people and that can marginalize newcomers.
Living in the City tries to understand what pulls people to the
city since the High Middle Ages, focusing on one of the earliest
urbanized regions in the world, the Low Countries. The book is a
quest for new insights that leads the reader from Medieval Ghent
and Bruges, through the Dutch Golden Age and the mass urbanization
in the age of Industrialization to the present Eurodelta. A region
that emerged in the last century with Antwerp, Rotterdam and
Amsterdam as nodal points in a global urban network. To understand
the motivations of so many to settle in cities this book focuses on
a wide variety of urban institutions. What was the role of
churches, guilds and businesses, but also theaters, architecture,
parks and pavements? What were the cultural, economic, social,
political and spatial dynamics that transformed cities into centers
of creativity and innovation? How did the attractiveness of cities
change over time, when cities lost their autonomy and became part
of the nation state and global forces? In this book a team of
internationally reknown scholars (in the field of history, art,
literature, economy and the social sciences) look for continuity
and change in the last eight centuries of urban developments in one
of the most remarkable urban regions of the world.
In this volume the authors present an alternative approach to the
history of Gypsies and Travelling Groups in Western-Europe. By
focusing on processes of social construction, stigmatization and
categorization, they offer new insights into the development of
government policies towards itinerants in general and the
ethnicization of some of these groups in particular. They analyze
the Western images and representations of Gypsies and other
itinerant groups, at the same time focusing on their functions for
the labor market. By doing so, they add a new chapter to the field
of social history.
Starting in the 1980s, anti-immigrant discourse shifted away from
the "color" of immigrants to their religion and culture. It focused
in particular on newcomers from Muslim countries-people feared both
as terrorists and as products of tribal societies with values
opposed to those of secular Western Europe. Leo Lucassen tackles
the question of whether the integration process of these recent
immigrants will fundamentally differ in the long run (over multiple
generations) from the experiences of similar immigrant groups in
the past. For comparison, Lucassen focuses on "large and
problematic groups" from Western Europe's past (the Irish in the
United Kingdom, the Poles in Germany, and the Italians in France)
and demonstrates a number of structural similarities in the way
migrants and their descendants integrated into these nation states.
Lucassen emphasizes that the geographic sources of the "threat"
have changed and that contemporaries tend to overemphasize the
threat of each successive wave of immigrants, in part because the
successfully incorporated immigrants of the past have become
invisible in national histories.
Although migration and integration have become important concepts
today as a result of globalization, migration movements,
integration, and multiculturalism have always been part of the
history of Europe. Few people realize how many ethnic groups
participated in migration within Europe or into Europe and this
ignorance has grave consequences for the social and political
status of immigrants. Newly available to an English-speaking
audience, this encyclopaedia presents a systematic overview of the
existing scholarship regarding migration within and into Europe.
The first section contains survey studies of the various regions
and countries in Europe covering the last centuries. The second
section presents information on about 220 individual groups of
migrants from the Sephardic Jews emigration from Spain and Portugal
in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to the present-day
migration of old-age pensioners to the holiday villages in the sun.
The first resource of its kind, The Encyclopaedia of Migration and
Minorities in Europe is a comprehensive and authoritative research
tool.
During the last decade studies have indicated that migration has
been a normal, structural element of human societies throughout
history. Progress in migration and settlement studies under this
new paradigm has been so substantial that a new state of the art is
needed. This book presents a reconsideration of current theoretical
perspectives encompassing enlightened insights in diverging
specialisms in the field of migration history, such as slavery
studies, ethnic history, macro-economic migration studies, and
gypsy studies. The seventeen essays in this volume, written by
leading scholars in the field, collectively represent a pioneering
effort in migration and settlement studies. They address the
problems of ongoing specialization (and hence the need for
synthesis) and the difficulties of integrating the consequences of
this new paradigm into general histories.
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