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Recent scientific evidence points to the origins of childhood
obesity as an outcome of the dynamic interplay of genetic,
behavioral, and environmental factors throughout early development,
with a compelling body of evidence suggesting that both maternal
and paternal nutritional and other exposures affect a child's risk
of later obesity. The burgeoning field of epigenetics has led
researchers to speculate that many of the observed associations
between early developmental exposures and later risk of childhood
obesity are mediated, at least in part, through epigenetic
mechanisms. To explore the body of evolving science that examines
the nexus of biology, environment, and developmental stage on risk
of childhood obesity, the Institute of Medicine and the National
Research Council convened a workshop in February 2015. The workshop
focused on the prenatal period, infancy, and early childhood and
addressed evidence from both animal and human studies. Workshop
objectives were to (1) identify epigenetic-mediated relationships
between exposure to risk factors during sensitive periods of
development (gestation through age 3) and subsequent
obesity-related outcomes; (2) explore the science around periods of
plasticity and potential reversibility of obesity risk in the
context of early childhood development; and (3) examine the
translation of epigenetic science to guide early childhood obesity
prevention and intervention to reduce obesity risk. This report
summarizes the information presented and discussed at the workshop.
Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual Overview
of the Role of Epigenetics in Childhood Obesity 3 Etiology and
Causal Inference 4 Opportunities for Intervention and Prevention 5
Real-World Application 6 Data Gaps and Future Directions References
Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Speaker Biographies
Since smallpox eradication, the science of eradication has changed
and with it, our definitions of what diseases are possible to
eradicate. However, eradication must not beget complacency. As has
been learned from past control or eradication attempts with a
variety of viral diseases, from yellow fever to influenza,
accidental or intentional reintroduction is a real threat-one that
could strike anywhere and for which we need to be fully prepared.
The criteria for assessing eradicability of polio, measles, and
other viral infections have been debated extensively. With the
elimination and eradication of several viral diseases on the
horizon, issues surrounding the cessation of immunization
activities become exceedingly important. In an effort to better
understand the dynamics of disease eradication and
post-immunization policies, the Institute of Medicine Forum on
Emerging Infections hosted a two-day workshop (February 1-2, 2001)
on The Consequences of Viral Disease Eradication. This book
explores the principles underlying the biological challenges,
medical interventions, the continuing research agenda, and
operational considerations for post-immunization strategies for
vaccine-preventable viral diseases, and highlights important
efforts that may facilitate wise decision making. Table of Contents
Front Matter 1 Summary and Assessment 2 Major Efforts for Disease
Eradication 3 Biological Challenges to Post-Eradication 4
Operational and Institutional Challenges to Post-Eradication 5
Medical Intervention and Technological Solutions 6 The Challenges
to Post-Eradication Outbreaks Appendix A Glossary and Acronyms
APPENDIX B Workshop Agenda The Consequences of Viral Disease
Eradication: Addressing Post-Immunization Challenges APPENDIX C
Forum Member and Speaker Biographies
In the wake of September 11th and recent anthrax events, our
nationa (TM)s bioterrorism response capability has become an
imminent priority for policymakers, researchers, public health
officials, academia, and the private sector. In a three-day
workshop, convened by the Institute of Medicinea (TM)s Forum on
Emerging Infections, experts from each of these communities came
together to identify, clarify, and prioritize the next steps that
need to be taken in order to prepare and strengthen bioterrorism
response capabilities. From the discussions, it became clear that
of utmost urgency is the need to cast the issue of a response in an
appropriate framework in order to attract the attention of Congress
and the public in order to garner sufficient and sustainable
support for such initiatives. No matter how the issue is cast,
numerous workshop participants agreed that there are many gaps in
the public health infrastructure and countermeasure capabilities
that must be prioritized and addressed in order to assure a rapid
and effective response to another bioterrorist attack.
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