Perhaps curiously, though in cases intentionally (as in the Jim Crow South), Progressive reforms had the effect of lowering voter turnout. Also curiously--given the intensity of the women's suffrage movement--the entry of women into the political arena after August, 1920, did not in and of itself activate women as a group as participants. With women qualified to vote, turnout as a percentage of those enfranchised still remained disappointingly low. Gidlow explores the ensuing crusade to "get out the vote," originally the work of the new League of Women Voters, and in it finds a cross-hatching of assumptions, tactics, and styles that come together in the concept of "commodifying politics." Her study focuses on (1) the rise of middle-class nonpartisanship, (2) the notion of discriminating citizenship, and (3) the wholesale trend toward mimicking the marketplace in order to make political "sales" (political entrepreneurship). Adding a chapter to the story of "antipartyism" in American political history, she notes that members of the postwar American middle class--self-conscious consumers, firm believers in education, rational choice, and the value of "expert advice"--turned away from parties and the frauds, smoky rooms, ward heelers, etc., white-collar families associated with them. Campaigning as good citizens to get voters to the polls, the League and its allies revealingly tried harder with the "right sort" of people--the same sort of people who were smart shoppers. Mobilizing them involved department-store solicitation; billboard, magazine, newspaper, and radio advertising; and training seminars familiar to the business world. Conflating nonpartisanship, citizenship, and entrepreneurship, the middle class believed itself the best suited to make political decisions because best prepared for other kinds of decisions--like what to buy. Interestingly, all the hard work had no real effect on voter turnout. But the League had as much concern with smart voting as aggregate figures. Consumers had the choice of not buying, and times were good. Interesting as well, the ideal hierarchy that the League preached surrendered to men the privilege of being more "expert" than women. Nonetheless giving many women their first taste of political activity, experience, and education, the League and its movement involved women in this manner of politics as importantly as women acted as consumers (as partners with men, as consultants on a large purchase), with the level of responsibility apparently on the increase. If middle-class women deferred, they in any event had no doubt that they were members of the middle class. Perhaps they only seemed to defer--in a way later captured in a film entitled "It's a Woman's World." " Gidlow] deals thoroughly and imaginatively with a neglected but important episode in American political history: the "Get-Out-the-Vote" movement in the University States during the 1920s." --Michael McGerr, Indiana University "An exciting new direction in political history . . . Gidlow reads the campaitgns the way that a cultural historian might, but with the discipline and knowledge of the field that comes from . . . political history." --Paula Baker, Ohio State University

Election 2008 made American history, but it was also the product of American history. Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Sarah Palin smashed through some of the most enduring barriers to high political office, but their exceptional candidacies did not come out of nowhere. In these timely and accessible essays, a distinguished group of historians explores how the candidates both challenged and reinforced historic stereotypes of race and sex while echoing familiar themes in American politics and exploiting new digital technologies. Contributors include Kathryn Kish Sklar on Clinton's gender masquerade; Tiffany Ruby Patterson on the politics of black anger; Mitch Kachun on Michelle Obama and stereotypes about black women's bodies; Glenda E. Gilmore on black women's century of effort to expand political opportunities for African Americans; Tera W. Hunter on the lost legacy of Shirley Chisholm; Susan M. Hartmann on why the U.S. has not yet followed western democracies in electing a female head of state; Melanie Gustafson on Palin and the political traditions of the American West; Ronald Formisano on the populist resurgence in 2008; Paula Baker on how digital technologies threaten the secret ballot; Catherine E. Rymph on Palin's distinctive brand of political feminism; and Elisabeth I. Perry on the new look of American leadership.