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This book aims to provide a new, linguistically grounded typology
of speech and thought representation in English on the basis of the
systematic study of deictic, syntactic and semantic properties of
authentic examples drawn from literary as well as non-literary
sources. In the area beyond direct and indirect speech or thought,
'free indirect discourse' has often been implicitly treated as a
residual category that can accommodate anything that is neither one
nor the other. This book takes a fresh look at the evidence in the
area of deixis, particularly through a close study of pronoun and
proper name use, and proposes to distinguish the more
character-oriented free indirect type from a narrator-oriented
'distancing' indirect type, which is grammatically wholly
structured from the narrator's deictic standpoint. Unlike free
indirect representations, which coherently represent the
character's viewpoint, the distancing indirect type sees narrators
appropriating character discourse for their own purposes, which may
for instance be ironic. The distinctions thus drawn shed new light
on the much debated 'dual voice' approach to free indirect
discourse. Included in the scope of this book are subjectified uses
of clauses such as I think, which no longer primarily construe a
cognition process, but rather come to function as hedges. Such
speaker-encoding uses are argued to involve an interpersonal type
of structure, not based on complementation, whereas the
non-subjectified cases receive an interclausal complementation
analysis which does not have recourse to the problematic notion of
'reporting verb'. This monograph is mainly of interest to
researchers and graduate students interested in the syntax,
semantics, and pragmatics of reported speech viewed from a
constructional perspective.
This volume aims to arrive at a fine-grained and grammar-based
understanding of the notions of (inter-)subjectivity and
(inter-)subjectification in their application to grammaticalization
research. In terms of linguistic theory, position is taken
vis-a-vis existing approaches to (inter-)subjectification which are
either too narrow or too general by addressing two questions: (i)
what is the relation between (inter-)subjectivity and pragmatics,
and (ii) on what grounds can subjective and intersubjective
meanings be distinguished? In the descriptive sections of the
volume, these theoretical considerations are confronted with
extensive analytical, and often also quantitative, study of
empirical data mainly from English but also from Romance languages.
The focus in these case studies is on the analytical and diachronic
relations between subjectivity and intersubjectivity, with
particular emphasis on the question how linguistic syntagms may
shift towards the expression of meanings of which the hearer is an
essential part. The domains covered include adverbials and modals,
but also the noun phrase, to date a relatively under-researched
area in grammaticalization studies. Together these three areas
ensure broad verification of existing hypotheses about the relative
order in which subjectification and intersubjectification take
place. This volume is mainly of interest to researchers and
graduate students with a special interest in subjectification,
intersubjectification and grammaticalization, and with a general
interest in language change. The volume will also be welcomed by
functional linguists (in a broad sense), since it is the first to
bring eclectic functionalists' reflections to bear so explicitly on
grammaticalization.
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