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This book provides unique insights into the challenges and
potential solutions to alleviate poverty in western China. Many
people are interested in China's economic and social development;
the development of Tibet is an important part of this narrative.
Unlike big cities in the east of China, Tibet is still
underdeveloped, with severe poverty, relatively poor
communications, poor infrastructure, transport links, and limited
social services. Using deep and well-researched analyses, learned
Chinese scholars share their policy insights, experience and
knowledge of the underlying causes and potential solutions to this
underdevelopment and poverty. The reader is also provided with
firsthand accounts of different people in Tibet, ranging from local
government officials to poverty-stricken herdsmen. This book gets
at the heart of problems faced by ordinary Tibetans, such as
dealing with impacts of natural disasters, lack of education,
managing ecological resettlement, and trying to prevent the
transmission of intergenerational poverty.Looking at these issues
from a theoretical, policy, government and practical perspective,
Breaking Out of the Poverty Trap -- Case Studies from the Tibetan
Plateau in Yunnan, Qinghai and Gansu covers the full range of
issues in the development of the Tibetan Plateau.
Economic growth and its relevant subjects have been given the first
priority in the research agenda since China initiated economic
reforms in 1978, while the topics of social protection and gender
equality have been largely left at the periphery for a long period.
This book is a collection of evidence-based studies conducted
mainly in poor areas of rural China during the recent two decades.
Based on individual interviews and sample data analyses, this book
emphasizes the importance of cooperative organizations to poverty
reduction, and puts forward that gender equality is closely related
with sustainable development. In addition, it addresses the issues
of food security and elimination of social exclusion - the key to
bridging economic divide. It also studies social protection,
including basic health protection system, nutrition and healthcare
for children, old age security for landless farmers and rural
migrant workers. By providing first-hand accounts of different
vulnerable groups, such as the poor, women, migrant workers, ethnic
minorities and small farmers, this book offers valuable insights
into studies of contemporary Chinese society and economy.
Economic growth and its relevant subjects have been given the first
priority in the research agenda since China initiated economic
reforms in 1978, while the topics of social protection and gender
equality have been largely left at the periphery for a long period.
This book is a collection of evidence-based studies conducted
mainly in poor areas of rural China during the recent two decades.
Based on individual interviews and sample data analyses, this book
emphasizes the importance of cooperative organizations to poverty
reduction, and puts forward that gender equality is closely related
with sustainable development. In addition, it addresses the issues
of food security and elimination of social exclusion - the key to
bridging economic divide. It also studies social protection,
including basic health protection system, nutrition and healthcare
for children, old age security for landless farmers and rural
migrant workers. By providing first-hand accounts of different
vulnerable groups, such as the poor, women, migrant workers, ethnic
minorities and small farmers, this book offers valuable insights
into studies of contemporary Chinese society and economy.
Oil tankers are not the only vessels that have caused oil
pollution at sea. Numerous spills in the past have been of heavy
fuel oil from non-tankers. However, the international liability and
compensation regime covered only oil pollution damage caused by oil
tankers. There was thus a need to bring the law on marine oil
pollution responsive to oil pollution damage caused by non-tankers.
In March 2001, the International Convention on Civil Liability for
Bunker Oil Pollution Damage was adopted following a diplomatic
conference at the International Maritime Organization. Though this
convention has not yet come into force, its various aspects should
already be considered as they will surely affect the maritime
industry as a whole and the non-tanker sector, in particular. This
book provides a timely and comprehensive study on the concept of
compulsory insurance, its main purpose of ensuring compensation and
its interrelations with other features such as the rule of strict
liability and the limitation of liability under the convention.
Domestic revenue mobilization has been a longstanding challenge for
countries in the Middle East and Central Asia. Insufficient revenue
has often constrained priority social and infrastructure spending,
reducing countries' ability to reach the Sustainable Development
Goals, improve growth prospects, and address climate related
challenges. Moreover, revenue shortfalls have often been
compensated by large and sustained debt accumulation, raising
vulnerabilities in some countries, and limiting fiscal space to
address future shocks. The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine
have compounded challenges to sustainable public finances,
underscoring the need for revenue mobilization efforts. The recent
global crises have also exacerbated existing societal inequalities
and highlighted the importance of raising revenues in an efficient
and equitable manner. This paper examines the scope for additional
tax revenue mobilization and discusses policies to gradually raise
tax revenue while supporting resilient growth and inclusion in the
Middle East and Central Asia. The paper's main findings are that
excluding hydrocarbon revenues, the region's average tax intake
lags those of other regions; the region's fragile and
conflict-affected states (FCS) face particular challenges in
mobilizing tax revenue; In general, there is considerable scope to
raise additional tax revenue; countries have made efforts to raise
tax collection, but challenges remain; tax policy design, notably
low tax rates and pervasive tax exemptions, is an important factor
driving tax revenue shortfalls; weak tax compliance, reflecting
both structural features and challenges in revenue administration,
also plays a role; and personal income tax systems in the region
vary in their progressivity—the extent to which the average tax
rate increases with income—and in their ability to redistribute
income. These findings provide insights for policy action to raise
revenue while supporting resilient growth and inclusion. The
paper's analysis points to these priorities for the region to
improve both efficiency and equity of tax systems: improving tax
policy design to broaden the tax base and increase progressivity
and redistributive capacity; strengthening revenue administration
to improve compliance; and implementing structural reforms to
incentivize tax compliance, formalization, and economic
diversification.
Public service innovation, defined as the adoption of new
technology and methods of service delivery, is at the heart of
public management research. Scholars have long studied public and
private sector innovation as distinctive phenomena, arguing that
private sector innovation aims to increase firms' competitive
advantage, while public sector innovation purports to improve
governance and performance. The public-private dichotomy overlooks
the complex way how organizations interact with each other for
service delivery. Public services are increasingly delivered
through the web of collaborative networks, in which organizations
compete and cooperate simultaneously. This Element explores how
coopetition, namely the simultaneous presence of competition and
collaboration, shapes innovation in the health care sector.
Analyzing panel data of 4,000+ American hospitals from 2008 to
2017, this Element finds evidence that coopetition catalyzes the
technology and service process innovation and offers practical
implications on managing innovation in competitive environments.
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