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This open access book addresses three themes which have been
central to Leydesdorff's research: (1) the dynamics of science,
technology, and innovation; (2) the scientometric
operationalization of these concept; and (3) the elaboration in
terms of a Triple Helix of university-industry-government
relations. In this study, I discuss the relations among these
themes. Using Luhmann's social-systems theory for modelling meaning
processing and Shannon's theory for information processing, I show
that synergy can add new options to an innovation system as
redundancy. The capacity to develop new options is more important
for innovation than past performance. Entertaining a model of
possible future states makes a knowledge-based system increasingly
anticipatory. The trade-off between the incursion of future states
on the historical developments can be measured using the
Triple-Helix synergy indicator. This is shown, for example, for the
Italian national and regional systems of innovation.
This volume of the Sociology of the Sciences Yearbooks stems from
our experience that collaborations between non-scientists and
scientists, often initiated by scientists seeking greater social
relevance for science, can be of major importance for cognitive
development. It seemed to us that it would be useful to explore the
conditions under which such collaborations affect scientific change
and the nature of the processes involved. This book therefore
focuses on a number of instances in which scientists and
non-scientists were jointly involved in the genera tion of
scientific results at the "interface" of science and society.
Despite the considerable variety of cases reported here, a number
of questions are central. Under what conditions do such cooperative
processes occur? What perceptions of social relevance and what
sorts of col laborations with non-scientific groups are involved?
How is this collaboration achieved, and through what forums? How
can insights into its conditions and mechanisms stabilize such
cooperations over a longer period of time? If they are stabilized,
do they really affect science, or do they mainly function to shield
the rest of the science system against external influences? These
questions are pertinent both to intellectual problems in the
sociology of science and to the practical concerns of modern
science policies. The significance of relations between knowledge
producers and knowledge consumers and interest in how these
relations affect science and society have changed considerably in
recent decades."
This volume of the Sociology of the Sciences Yearbooks stems from
our experience that collaborations between non-scientists and
scientists, often initiated by scientists seeking greater social
relevance for science, can be of major importance for cognitive
development. It seemed to us that it would be useful to explore the
conditions under which such collaborations affect scientific change
and the nature of the processes involved. This book therefore
focuses on a number of instances in which scientists and
non-scientists were jointly involved in the genera tion of
scientific results at the "interface" of science and society.
Despite the considerable variety of cases reported here, a number
of questions are central. Under what conditions do such cooperative
processes occur? What perceptions of social relevance and what
sorts of col laborations with non-scientific groups are involved?
How is this collaboration achieved, and through what forums? How
can insights into its conditions and mechanisms stabilize such
cooperations over a longer period of time? If they are stabilized,
do they really affect science, or do they mainly function to shield
the rest of the science system against external influences? These
questions are pertinent both to intellectual problems in the
sociology of science and to the practical concerns of modern
science policies. The significance of relations between knowledge
producers and knowledge consumers and interest in how these
relations affect science and society have changed considerably in
recent decades."
"Challenging, theoretically rich yet anchored in detailed empirical
analysis, Loet Leydesdorff's exploration of the dynamics of the
knowledge-economy is a major contribution to the field. Drawing on
his expertise in science and technology studies, systems theory,
and his internationally respected work on the 'triple helix', the
book provides a radically new modelling and simulation of knowledge
systems, capturing the articulation of structure, communication,
and agency therein. This work will be of immense interest to both
theorists of the knowledge-economy and practitioners in science
policy." Andrew Webster Science & Technology Studies,
University of York, UK ________________________________________
"This book is a ground-breaking collection of theory and techniques
to help understand the internal dynamics of the modern
knowledge-based economy, including issues such as stability,
anticipation, and interactions amongst components. The combination
of theory, measurement, and modelling gives the necessary power
with which to address the complexity of modern networked social
systems. Each on its own would partly illuminate an innovation
system, but the combination sheds a far brighter light." Mike
Thelwall Information Science, University of Wolverhampton, UK
________________________________________ "The sociologist Niklas
Luhmann is considered one of the few social scientists possibly
able to explain a decisive event once it has happened. In this
book, Loet Leydesdorff answers the challenge to take Luhmann's
analysis one step further by introducing anticipation into the
theory. This book provides a fascinating exploration of the use of
recursion and incursion to model social processes." Dirk Baecker
Sociology, Universitat Witten/Herdecke, Germany
________________________________________ How can an economy based
on something as volatile as knowledge be sustained? The urgency of
improving our understanding of a knowledge-based economy provides
the context and necessity of this study. In a previous study
entitled A Sociological Theory of Communications: The
Self-Organization of the Knowledge-based Society (2001) the author
specified knowledge-based systems from a sociological perspective.
In this book, he takes this theory one step further and
demonstrates how the knowledge base of an economic system can be
operationalized, both in terms of measurement and by providing
simulation models.
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