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Early Christology must focus not simply on historical but also on
theological ideas found in contemporary Jewish thought and
practice. In this book, a range of distinguished contributors
considers the context and formation of early Jewish and Christian
devotion to God aloneGCothe emergence of GCGBPmonotheismGC[yen].
The idea of monotheism is critically examined from various
perspectives, including the history of ideas, Graeco-Roman
religions, early Jewish mediator figures, scripture exegesis, and
the history of its use as a theological category. The studies
explore different ways of conceiving of early Christian monotheism
today, asking whether monotheism is a conceptually useful category,
whether it may be applied cautiously and with qualifications, or
whether it is to be questioned in favor of different approaches to
understanding the origins of Jewish and Christian beliefs and
worship. This is volume 1 in the Early Christianity in Context
series and volume 263 in the Journal for the Study of the New
Testament Supplement Series
Basics of Ancient Ethiopic by Archie Wright introduces students to
the basic grammar of ancient Ethiopic (Ge'ez) while approaching the
language through its wider cultural and literary context, and its
historical legacy. As part of the widely-used Zondervan Language
Basics series of resources, Wright's Ethiopic grammar is a
student-friendly introduction. It helps students learn by:
Minimizing technical jargon Providing only the information needed
to learn the basics Breaking the grammar of language down into
manageable and intuitive chunks Illustrating the grammar in
question by its use in rich selections from ancient Christian and
the Second Temple Jewish books of 1 Enoch and Jubilees Providing
grammar, readings, exercises, and a lexicon all in one convenient
volume Basics of Ethiopic provides an ideal first step into this
important language and focuses on getting the student into texts
and translation as quickly as possible.
The volume is a commentary on 1 Enoch chapters 91-108 that begins
with the Ethiopic text tradition but also takes the Greek and
Aramaic (Dead Sea Scrolls) evidence into account. This section of 1
Enoch, which contains material from at least five different
documents composed some time during the 2nd century BCE, provides a
window into the early stages of the reception of the earliest Enoch
tradition, as it was being negotiated in relation to elitist
religious opponents, on the one hand, and in relation to other
Jewish traditions that were flourishing at the time. The
commentary, at the beginning of which there is an extensive
introduction, is structured in the following way: there is a
translation for each unit of text (including the Greek and Aramaic
where it exists, with the Greek and Ethiopic translations presented
synoptically), followed by detailed textual notes that justify the
translation and provide information on a full range of variations
among the manuscripts. This, in turn, is followed by a General
Comment on the unit of text; after this there are detailed notes on
each subdivision of the text which attempt to situate the content
within the stream of biblical interpretation and developing Jewish
traditions of the Second Temple period. The five documents in 1
Enoch 91-108 are dealt with in the following order: (1) Apocalypse
of Weeks (93:1-10; 91:11-17); (2) Admonition (91:1-10, 18-19); (3)
Epistle of Enoch (92:1-5; 93:11-105:2; (4) Birth of Noah (106-107);
and (5) the Eschatological Appendix (108).
Leading international contributors on biblical texts, including the
New Testament and the Dead Sea Scrolls, intersect with the work of
James H. Charlesworth and examine Charlesworth's vast contribution
to the field of biblical studies, honoring the work of one of the
most significant biblical scholars of his generation. Divided into
five sections, this volume begins with a section on the Hebrew
Bible and the New Testament texts, with particular focus on the
Gospel of John and Jesus studies. The contexts of these texts are
considered, with a focus on the Greco-Roman and Jewish worlds, and
the varying intersections between texts and the worlds that created
them. The contributors then focus on the most significant body of
Charlesworth's work, the apocrypha/pseudepigrapha and the Dead Sea
Scrolls, and the journey concludes with an assessment of the
history of scholarship on the core areas addressed across the book.
One "apocalyptic" reading of Paul's letter to the Galatians has
been attempted before and is now widely accepted, but that reading
is not based on a thorough engagement with Jewish apocalyptic
traditions of the Second Temple period. In this book, James M.
Scott argues that there is an essential continuity between
Galatians and Paul's Jewish past, and that Paul uses the
apocalyptic Epistle of Enoch (1 Enoch 92-105) as a literary model
for his own letter. Scott first contextualizes the Epistle of Enoch
using the entire Enochic corpus and explores the extensive
similarities (and some differences) between the Enochic tradition
and early Stoicism. Then he turns to deal specifically with Paul's
letter to the Galatians, showing that, despite their obvious
differences, the two apocalyptic letters have some remarkable
features in common as well. This approach to the interpretation of
Galatians fundamentally stands to change the way biblical scholars
understand Paul's letter and the gospel that he preached. Paul is
"within Judaism," if the net for what is included in "Judaism" is
wide enough to encompass the Enochic tradition.
Reading Revelation in Context brings together short, accessible
essays that compare and contrast the visions and apocalyptic
imagery of the book of Revelation with various texts from Second
Temple Jewish literature. Going beyond an introduction that merely
surveys historical events and theological themes, Reading
Revelation in Context examines individual passages in Second Temple
Jewish literature in order to illuminate the context of
Revelation's theology and the meaning and potency of John's
visions. Following the narrative progression of Revelation, each
chapter (1) pairs a major unit of the Apocalypse with one or more
sections of a thematically related Jewish text, (2) introduces and
explores the historical and theological nuances of the comparator
text, and (3) shows how the ideas in the comparator text illuminate
those expressed in Revelation. In addition to the focused
comparison provided in the essays, the book contains other
student-friendly features that will help them engage broader
discussions, including an introductory chapter that familiarizes
students with the world and texts of Second Temple Judaism, a
glossary of important terms, and a brief appendix suggesting what
tools students might use to undertake their own comparative
studies. At the end of each chapter there a list of other
thematically relevant Second Temple Jewish texts recommended for
additional study and a focused bibliography pointing students to
critical editions and higher-level discussions in scholarly
literature. Reading Revelation in Context brings together an
international team of over 20 New Testament experts including Jamie
Davies, David A. deSilva, Michael J. Gorman, Dana M. Harris, Ronald
Herms, Edith M. Humphrey, Jonathan A. Moo, Elizabeth E. Shively,
Cynthia Long Westfall, Archie T. Wright, and more.
The T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism provides a
comprehensive reference resource of over 600 scholarly articles
aimed at those studying Judaism in the Second Temple Period, and
the numerous texts and artefacts related to it. The work is split
into four parts across two volumes. Part One locates the discipline
in relation to other relevant fields (for example the Hebrew Bible,
Rabbinics, Christian Origins) and provides an orientation to the
discipline's distinctive nomenclatures and debates. The history of
research in the area is also presented in full. Part Two presents
an overview of respective contexts of the discipline set within the
broad framework of historical chronology. Social/cultural,
literary, linguistic, geographical, political, and religious
contexts are all explained, from the time period of the conquests
of Alexander the Great (332 B.C.E.) through to the reign of Hadrian
(135 C.E.). Part Three focuses specifically on the literature of
the Second Temple period, summarizing the content of key texts, and
examining their similarities and differences with other texts of
the period. This section includes surveys of scholarship on date,
provenance, location, language(s), and interpretative issues. The
reception history of texts is considered. Part Four addresses
topics, specifically those relevant to Second Temple literature
such as places, practices, historical figures and artefacts. The
volumes include 14 specially created color maps and over 60 charts
and illustrations.
The public worship of the risen Christ as depicted in John's
Apocalypse directly contradicts the guidingangel's emphasis that
only God should be worshiped (Revelation 19:10; 22:8-9). In Angel
Veneration and Christology , Loren Stuckenbruck explores this
contradiction in light of angelveneration in Early Judaism.
Stuckenbruck surveys a wide variety of Jewish traditions related to
angelic worship and discovers proscriptions against sacrificing
toangels; prohibitions against making images ofangels; rejections
of the "two powers"; second-century Christian apologetic
accusations specifically directed against Jews; and, most
importantly, the refusal tradition, widespread in Jewish and
Jewish-Christian writings, wherein angelic messengers refuse the
veneration of the seer and exhort the worship of God alone. While
evidence forthe practice of angelvenerationamong Jews of antiquity
(Qumran, pseudepigraphal literature, and inscriptions from Asia
Minor) does not furnish the immediate background for the worship of
Christ, Stuckenbruck demonstrates that the very fact that
safeguards to a monotheistic framework were issued at all throws
light on the Christian practice of worshiping Jesus. The way the
Apocalypse adapts the refusal tradition illuminates Revelation's
declarations about and depictions of Jesus. Though the refusal
tradition itself only safeguards the worship of God, Stuckenbruck
traces how the tradition has been split so that the angelophanic
elements were absorbed into the christophany. As Stuckenbruck
shows, an angelomorphicChristology, shared by the author of
Revelation and its readers, functions to preserve the author's
monotheistic emphasis as well as to emphasize Christ's superiority
over theangelsasetting the stage for the worship of the Lamb in a
monotheistic framework that does not contradict the angelic
directive to worship God alone.
The mythical story of fallen angels preserved in 1 Enoch and
related literature was profoundly influential during the Second
Temple period. In this volume renowned scholar Loren Stuckenbruck
explores aspects of that influence and demonstrates how the myth
was reused and adapted to address new religious and cultural
contexts. Stuckenbruck considers a variety of themes, including
demonology, giants, exorcism, petitionary prayer, the birth and
activity of Jesus, the Holy Spirit, the conversion of Gentiles,
"apocalyptic" and the understanding of time, and more. He also
offers a theological framework for the myth of fallen angels
through which to reconsider several New Testament texts-the
Synoptic Gospels, the Gospel of John, Acts, Paul's letters, and the
book of Revelation.
Early Christology must focus not simply on "historical" but also on
theological ideas found in contemporary Jewish thought and
practice. In this book, a range of distinguished contributors
considers the context and formation of early Jewish and Christian
devotion to God alone-the emergence of "monotheism". The idea of
monotheism is critically examined from various perspectives,
including the history of ideas, Graeco-Roman religions, early
Jewish mediator figures, scripture exegesis, and the history of its
use as a theological category. The studies explore different ways
of conceiving of early Christian monotheism today, asking whether
monotheism is a conceptually useful category, whether it may be
applied cautiously and with qualifications, or whether it is to be
questioned in favor of different approaches to understanding the
origins of Jewish and Christian beliefs and worship. This is volume
1 in the Early Christianity in Context series and volume 263 in the
Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series
Leading international contributors on biblical texts, including the
New Testament and the Dead Sea Scrolls, intersect with the work of
James H. Charlesworth and examine Charlesworth's vast contribution
to the field of biblical studies, honoring the work of one of the
most significant biblical scholars of his generation. Divided into
five sections, this volume begins with a section on the Hebrew
Bible and the New Testament texts, with particular focus on the
Gospel of John and Jesus studies. The contexts of these texts are
considered, with a focus on the Greco-Roman and Jewish worlds, and
the varying intersections between texts and the worlds that created
them. The contributors then focus on the most significant body of
Charlesworth's work, the apocrypha/pseudepigrapha and the Dead Sea
Scrolls, and the journey concludes with an assessment of the
history of scholarship on the core areas addressed across the book.
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