This book is a journey to discover and rediscover famous and lesser known aspects of the birth of modern neuroscience in Turin, from pre-Enlightenment to the 1980s. The pioneering contributions of neuroscientists from Turin and working in Turin and how they shaped the national and international community are critically explored. A brief selection of topics covered by The Birth of Modern Neuroscience in Turin: * Luigi Rolando's neuroanatomical drawings * Cesare Lombroso's controversial stances on criminal anthropology * Angelo Mosso's pioneering 'neuroimaging' experiments * Ernesto Lugaro's contributions to neuroplasticity and psychiatry * Federico Kiesow and the development of experimental psychology in Europe * Camillo Negro's first clinical neurological movies * Giuseppe Levi's histological works and his mentorship * Rita Levi Montalcini and her Nobel Prize-winning discovery of the Nerve Growth Factor