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Nils Petter Gleditsch International Peace Research Institute, Oslo
(PRIO) & Department of Sociology and Political Science,
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trond heim This
book could hardly have happened but for the end of the Cold War.
The decline of the East-West conflict has opened up the arena for
increased attention to other lines of conflict, in Europe and at
the global level. Environmental disruption, not a new phenomenon by
any means, is a chief beneficiary of the shift in priorities in the
public debate. The Scientific and Environmental Affairs Divi sion
of NATO has moved with the times and has defined environmental
security as one of its priority areas for cooperation with Central
and Eastern Europe and countries of the former Soviet Union. This
book is the main output of an Advanced Research Workshop (ARW),
held in Bolkesjl/l, Norway, 12-16 June 1996. I would like to
acknowledge the personal support of L. Veiga da Cunha, Director of
the Priority Area on Environmental Security. Research on these
issues is now very much a collaborative effort across former lines
of division in Europe. NATO encourages, indeed requires, that this
be reflected in the composition of the participants, as well as the
organizing committee. This meeting was organized by a group of five
people from five different countries: Lothar Brock (Germany), Nils
Petter Gleditsch (Norway), Thomas Homer-Dixon (Canada), Renat
Perelet (Co-Director, Russia), and Evan Vlachos (USA)."
Nils Petter Gleditsch International Peace Research Institute, Oslo
(PRIO) & Department of Sociology and Political Science,
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trond heim This
book could hardly have happened but for the end of the Cold War.
The decline of the East-West conflict has opened up the arena for
increased attention to other lines of conflict, in Europe and at
the global level. Environmental disruption, not a new phenomenon by
any means, is a chief beneficiary of the shift in priorities in the
public debate. The Scientific and Environmental Affairs Divi sion
of NATO has moved with the times and has defined environmental
security as one of its priority areas for cooperation with Central
and Eastern Europe and countries of the former Soviet Union. This
book is the main output of an Advanced Research Workshop (ARW),
held in Bolkesjl/l, Norway, 12-16 June 1996. I would like to
acknowledge the personal support of L. Veiga da Cunha, Director of
the Priority Area on Environmental Security. Research on these
issues is now very much a collaborative effort across former lines
of division in Europe. NATO encourages, indeed requires, that this
be reflected in the composition of the participants, as well as the
organizing committee. This meeting was organized by a group of five
people from five different countries: Lothar Brock (Germany), Nils
Petter Gleditsch (Norway), Thomas Homer-Dixon (Canada), Renat
Perelet (Co-Director, Russia), and Evan Vlachos (USA)."
Anmerkungen zur Einleitung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Anmerkungen zu Kapitel A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Anmerkungen zu Kapitel B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Anmerkungen zu Kapitel C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Anmerkungen zu Kapitel D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Anmerkungen zu Kapitel E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Anmerkungen zu Kapitel F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Ausgewiihlte Bibliographie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 10
Tabellen nnd Schanbilder Schaubild 1 Die okonomischen
Entwicklungsniveaus der Staaten des kapitalistischen
Weltwirtschaftssystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Schaubild 2 Schema der Gruppierung arabischer Staaten . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Tabelle 1 Anteil der
"sozia16konomischen Sektoren" am Bruttoinlandsprodukt ausgewiihlter
Entwicklungsliinder (vgl. auch Tabellen 26, 27) . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Tabelle
2 Riistungsexport der DDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Tabelle 3
DDR-Militiirexperten in der Dritten Welt . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 198 Tabelle 4 Einsatzorte der FDJ-"Brigaden der
Freundschaft" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Tabelle 5 Kredite
der DDR an Entwicklungsliinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 223 Tabelle 6 Ausliindische Studenten
andenHochschulenderDDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Tabelle 7 AuBenhandelsumsatz der DDR
nach Liindergruppen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Schaubild 3
AuBenhandelsumsatz der DDR nach Liindergruppen . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
247 Tabelle 8 AuBenhandelsumsatz der DDR mit Entwicklungsliindern .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 248 Tabelle 9 Die fUnf und die zehn groBten Hande- partner
der DDR in der Dritten Welt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 254 Tabelle 10 AuBenhandelsumsatz der DDR mit
Entwicklungsliindern (nach politis chen Kriterien gruppiert) . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Tabelle 11
AuBenhandelsumsatz der DDR mit EntwicklungsHindern (nach dem
Entwicklungsniveau gruppiert) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 257 Tabelle 12 Zuwachsraten des AuBenhandelsumsatzes der
DDR mit Entwicklungsliindern (politische Gruppierung) . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 259 Schaubild 4 Zuwachsraten des
AuBenhandelsumsatzes der DDR mit Entwicklungsliindern (politische
Gruppierung) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Tabelle 13
Warenstruktur des AuBenhandels der DDR 262 11 Tabelle 14
Warenstruktur des DDR-Exports und -Imports mit drei ausgewiihlten
Entwicklungsliindern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Tabelle 15 AuBenhandel der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit den
Entwicklungsliindern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The history of war is also a history of its justification. The
contributions to this book argue that the justification of war
rarely happens as empty propaganda. While it is directed at
mobilizing support and reducing resistance, it is not purely
instrumental. Rather, the justification of force is part of an
incessant struggle over what is to count as justifiable behaviour
in a given historical constellation of power, interests, and norms.
This way, the justification of specific wars interacts with
international order as a normative frame of reference for dealing
with conflict. The justification of war shapes this order, and is
being shaped by it. As the justification of specific wars entails a
critique of war in general, the use of force in international
relations has always been accompanied by political and scholarly
discourses on its appropriateness. In much of the pertinent
literature the dominating focus is on theoretical or conceptual
debates as a mirror of how international normative orders evolve.
In contrast, the focus of the present volume is on theory and
political practice as sources for the re- and de-construction of
the way in which the justification of war and international order
interact. With contributions from international law, history, and
international relations, and from Western and non-Western
perspectives, this book offers a unique collection of papers
exploring the continuities and changes in war discourses as they
respond to and shape normative orders from early modern times to
the present.
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