The history of war is also a history of its justification. The contributions to this book argue that the justification of war rarely happens as empty propaganda. While it is directed at mobilizing support and reducing resistance, it is not purely instrumental. Rather, the justification of force is part of an incessant struggle over what is to count as justifiable behaviour in a given historical constellation of power, interests, and norms. This way, the justification of specific wars interacts with international order as a normative frame of reference for dealing with conflict. The justification of war shapes this order, and is being shaped by it. As the justification of specific wars entails a critique of war in general, the use of force in international relations has always been accompanied by political and scholarly discourses on its appropriateness. In much of the pertinent literature the dominating focus is on theoretical or conceptual debates as a mirror of how international normative orders evolve. In contrast, the focus of the present volume is on theory and political practice as sources for the re- and de-construction of the way in which the justification of war and international order interact. With contributions from international law, history, and international relations, and from Western and non-Western perspectives, this book offers a unique collection of papers exploring the continuities and changes in war discourses as they respond to and shape normative orders from early modern times to the present.

Nils Petter Gleditsch International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) & Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trond heim This book could hardly have happened but for the end of the Cold War. The decline of the East-West conflict has opened up the arena for increased attention to other lines of conflict, in Europe and at the global level. Environmental disruption, not a new phenomenon by any means, is a chief beneficiary of the shift in priorities in the public debate. The Scientific and Environmental Affairs Divi sion of NATO has moved with the times and has defined environmental security as one of its priority areas for cooperation with Central and Eastern Europe and countries of the former Soviet Union. This book is the main output of an Advanced Research Workshop (ARW), held in Bolkesjl/l, Norway, 12-16 June 1996. I would like to acknowledge the personal support of L. Veiga da Cunha, Director of the Priority Area on Environmental Security. Research on these issues is now very much a collaborative effort across former lines of division in Europe. NATO encourages, indeed requires, that this be reflected in the composition of the participants, as well as the organizing committee. This meeting was organized by a group of five people from five different countries: Lothar Brock (Germany), Nils Petter Gleditsch (Norway), Thomas Homer-Dixon (Canada), Renat Perelet (Co-Director, Russia), and Evan Vlachos (USA)."

Nils Petter Gleditsch International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) & Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trond heim This book could hardly have happened but for the end of the Cold War. The decline of the East-West conflict has opened up the arena for increased attention to other lines of conflict, in Europe and at the global level. Environmental disruption, not a new phenomenon by any means, is a chief beneficiary of the shift in priorities in the public debate. The Scientific and Environmental Affairs Divi sion of NATO has moved with the times and has defined environmental security as one of its priority areas for cooperation with Central and Eastern Europe and countries of the former Soviet Union. This book is the main output of an Advanced Research Workshop (ARW), held in Bolkesjl/l, Norway, 12-16 June 1996. I would like to acknowledge the personal support of L. Veiga da Cunha, Director of the Priority Area on Environmental Security. Research on these issues is now very much a collaborative effort across former lines of division in Europe. NATO encourages, indeed requires, that this be reflected in the composition of the participants, as well as the organizing committee. This meeting was organized by a group of five people from five different countries: Lothar Brock (Germany), Nils Petter Gleditsch (Norway), Thomas Homer-Dixon (Canada), Renat Perelet (Co-Director, Russia), and Evan Vlachos (USA)."

Anmerkungen zur Einleitung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Anmerkungen zu Kapitel A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Anmerkungen zu Kapitel B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Anmerkungen zu Kapitel C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Anmerkungen zu Kapitel D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Anmerkungen zu Kapitel E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Anmerkungen zu Kapitel F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Ausgewiihlte Bibliographie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 10 Tabellen nnd Schanbilder Schaubild 1 Die okonomischen Entwicklungsniveaus der Staaten des kapitalistischen Weltwirtschaftssystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Schaubild 2 Schema der Gruppierung arabischer Staaten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Tabelle 1 Anteil der "sozia16konomischen Sektoren" am Bruttoinlandsprodukt ausgewiihlter Entwicklungsliinder (vgl. auch Tabellen 26, 27) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Tabelle 2 Riistungsexport der DDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Tabelle 3 DDR-Militiirexperten in der Dritten Welt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Tabelle 4 Einsatzorte der FDJ-"Brigaden der Freundschaft" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Tabelle 5 Kredite der DDR an Entwicklungsliinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Tabelle 6 Ausliindische Studenten andenHochschulenderDDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Tabelle 7 AuBenhandelsumsatz der DDR nach Liindergruppen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Schaubild 3 AuBenhandelsumsatz der DDR nach Liindergruppen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Tabelle 8 AuBenhandelsumsatz der DDR mit Entwicklungsliindern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Tabelle 9 Die fUnf und die zehn groBten Hande- partner der DDR in der Dritten Welt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Tabelle 10 AuBenhandelsumsatz der DDR mit Entwicklungsliindern (nach politis chen Kriterien gruppiert) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Tabelle 11 AuBenhandelsumsatz der DDR mit EntwicklungsHindern (nach dem Entwicklungsniveau gruppiert) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Tabelle 12 Zuwachsraten des AuBenhandelsumsatzes der DDR mit Entwicklungsliindern (politische Gruppierung) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Schaubild 4 Zuwachsraten des AuBenhandelsumsatzes der DDR mit Entwicklungsliindern (politische Gruppierung) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Tabelle 13 Warenstruktur des AuBenhandels der DDR 262 11 Tabelle 14 Warenstruktur des DDR-Exports und -Imports mit drei ausgewiihlten Entwicklungsliindern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Tabelle 15 AuBenhandel der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit den Entwicklungsliindern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .