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This book provides an analysis of an actual problem of the
evolution of deep matter under the conditions of the upper mantle,
transition zone, and uppermost lower mantle. This issue has a
fundamental importance in geochemistry, petrology, mineralogy, and
crystalochemistry of the mantle, at different depths. The authors
discuss new experimental research on the composition and conditions
of the chromium-bearing minerals genesis and their associations in
the Earth's mantle. The experimental data are compared with the
natural mineral assemblages, allowing a refinement of the structure
and composition of the deep Geospheres of the Earth. The results of
the physicochemical experiments in the "MgO-SiO2-Cr2O3" model and
the multicomponent systems play a major role in understanding the
phase diagrams of these systems, the structural patterns of
chromium-bearing phases and the influence of Cr on P-T parameters
in the Earth's mantle.
"Highlights in Mineralogical Crystallography" presents a collection
of review articles with the common topic: structural properties of
minerals and synthetic analogues. It is a valuable resource for
mineralogists, materials scientists, crystallographers, and earth
scientists. This book includes: An introduction to the RRUFF
database for structural, spectroscopic, and chemical mineral
identification. A systematic evaluation of structural complexity of
minerals. ab initio computer modelling of mineral surfaces. Natural
quasicrystals of meteoritic origin. The potential role of
terrestrial ringwoodite on the water content of the Earth's mantle.
Structural characterization of nanocrystalline bio-related minerals
by electron-diffraction tomography. The uniqueness of mayenite-type
compounds as minerals and high-tech ceramics.
This book describes the discovery of quasicrystals (icosahedral and
decagonal) in an extraterrestrial rock from the Koryak Mountains of
Far Eastern Russia. After a decade-long search for a natural
quasicrystal, this discovery opened a new avenue in mineralogy and
crystallography that could lead to further discoveries in
geoscience, astronomy, condensed matter physics, and materials
engineering. For the first time, minerals have been discovered that
violate the symmetry restrictions of conventional crystallography.
The natural occurrence of such crystals was unexpected, involving
previously unknown processes. The fact that the quasicrystals were
found in a meteorite formed in the earliest moments of the solar
system means these processes have been active for over 4.5 billion
years and have influenced the composition of the first objects to
condense around the Sun. Finding quasicrystals formed in these
extreme environments also informed the longstanding debate
concerning the stability and robustness of quasicrystals. Recent
shock experiments lend support to the hypothesis that the
extraterrestrial quasicrystals formed as a result of hypervelocity
impacts between objects in the early Solar system, and that they
are probably less rare in the Milky Way.
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