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The Routledge Handbook of Urban Logistics offers a state of the
art, comprehensive overview of the discipline of urban and city
logistics. The COVID-19 pandemic and the rise in internet shopping
in particular has placed new demands on urban logistics which
require innovative technological and policy responses. Similarly,
the necessity for sustainable urban logistics offers both a
challenge and opportunity for development and seeks to address
traffic congestion, local air quality, traffic related degradation,
the use of energy, safety aspects and noise. Featuring
contributions from world-leading, international scholars, the
chapters examine concepts, issues and ideas across six topic areas
that reflect the increasingly diverse nature of current research
and thinking in urban logistics: key features of urban logistics,
freight transport, sectors in urban logistics, technical aspects,
policy, and environmental and social sustainability. Each chapter
provides an overview of current knowledge, identifies issues,
discusses the relevant debates in urban logistics and the future
research agenda. This handbook offers a single repository on the
current state of knowledge, written from a practical perspective,
utilising theory that is applied and developed using real-work
examples. It is an essential reference for researchers, academics
and students working in all areas of urban logistics, from policy
and planning to technology and sustainability, in addition to
industry practitioners looking to develop their professional
knowledge.
Making a detailed contribution to geographies of air transport and
aeromobility, this book examines the practices and processes that
produce particular patterns of air transport provision both
regionally and globally. In so doing, it updates the seminal
contributions of Eva Taylor (1945), Kenneth Sealy (1957), Brian
Graham (1995) and others to the study of air transport geography.
Leading scholars in the field offer a unique insight into the key
developments that have occurred in the field and the implications
that these developments have had for geography, geographers, and
global patterns of past, present and future air transport. Although
globalization and liberalization processes have greatly expanded
the demand for air transport over the last two decades, the
industry has experienced several major setbacks due to economic,
security, and environmental concerns. Many of these impacts have
been much more pronounced in some regions, such as North America
and Europe while others, such as Asia-Pacific have not been as
adversely affected. Accordingly, there is a clear need to examine
these recent economic and geopolitical changes from a geographical
perspective given the differentiated pattern of effects from global
processes. Addressing this need, this volume opens with thematic
chapters covering key topics such as the historical geographies,
socio-cultural mobilities, environmental externalities, urban
geographies, and sustainability of the global air transport
industry, followed by regional analysis of the industry in
Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Greater Middle East and Africa as well
as North America and Europe.
Making a detailed contribution to geographies of air transport and
aeromobility, this book examines the practices and processes that
produce particular patterns of air transport provision both
regionally and globally. In so doing, it updates the seminal
contributions of Eva Taylor (1945), Kenneth Sealy (1957), Brian
Graham (1995) and others to the study of air transport geography.
Leading scholars in the field offer a unique insight into the key
developments that have occurred in the field and the implications
that these developments have had for geography, geographers, and
global patterns of past, present and future air transport. Although
globalization and liberalization processes have greatly expanded
the demand for air transport over the last two decades, the
industry has experienced several major setbacks due to economic,
security, and environmental concerns. Many of these impacts have
been much more pronounced in some regions, such as North America
and Europe while others, such as Asia-Pacific have not been as
adversely affected. Accordingly, there is a clear need to examine
these recent economic and geopolitical changes from a geographical
perspective given the differentiated pattern of effects from global
processes. Addressing this need, this volume opens with thematic
chapters covering key topics such as the historical geographies,
socio-cultural mobilities, environmental externalities, urban
geographies, and sustainability of the global air transport
industry, followed by regional analysis of the industry in
Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Greater Middle East and Africa as well
as North America and Europe.
Air Transport Management: An International Perspective provides
in-depth instruction in the diverse and dynamic area of commercial
air transport management. The 2nd edition has been extensively
revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in the
sector. The textbook includes both introductory reference material
and more advanced content so as to provide a solid foundation in
the core principles and practices of air transport management. This
2nd edition includes a new chapter on airline regulation and
deregulation and new dedicated chapters focusing on aviation safety
and aviation security. Four new contributors bring additional
insights and expertise to the book. The 2nd edition retains many of
the key features of the 1st edition, including: * A clearly
structured topic-based approach that provides information on key
air transport management issues including: aviation law, economics;
airport and airline management; finance; environmental impacts,
human resource management; and marketing; * Chapters authored by
leading air transport academics and practitioners worldwide which
provide an international perspective; * Learning objectives and key
points which provide a framework for learning; * Boxed case studies
and examples in each chapter; * Keyword definitions and stop and
think boxes to prompt reflection and aid understanding of key terms
and concepts. Designed for undergraduate and postgraduate students
studying aviation and business management degree programmes and
industry practitioners seeking to expand their knowledge base, the
book provides a single point of reference to the key legal,
regulatory, strategic and operational concepts and processes that
shape the form and function of the world's commercial air transport
industry.
Women play an essential role in the transport workforce worldwide,
working in formal and informal jobs in public transport, road
freight and logistics, rail, maritime and aviation sectors, in
ports and in active travel. Women, Work and Transport is an
international collection that brings together researchers with
global expertise in gender and transport work to provide original
evidence of the experiences of women working in all transport modes
across countries in the Global North and the Global South. The 21
chapters reveal the everyday challenges faced by women working in
highly masculinised environments, including gender stereotypes
about women's lack of suitability for transport work, gender-based
violence and harassment, limited opportunities for promotion and
progression, inflexible work patterns, poor working conditions, and
lack of gender-specific facilities. The transport sector has also
been severely affected by the coronavirus pandemic, resulting in
widespread furlough and redundancies. The effect of the pandemic on
women's work in transport is addressed, while other chapters also
reveal how women have succeeded in transport occupations, with the
support of mentoring schemes, leadership programmes and trade
unions, highlighting new emerging opportunities to challenge
occupational gender segregation as the transport sector transforms
through automation, digitisation, and the transition to low-carbon
technologies. The Transport and Sustainability series addresses the
important nexus between transport and sustainability containing
volumes dealing with a wide range of issues relating to transport,
its impact in economic, social and environmental spheres, and its
interaction with other policy sectors.
The development of civil aviation in the early 20th century
presented a range of new legal and regulatory challenges concerning
the rights of an aircraft from one state to enter the aerial
territory of another. International flights threatened the
territorial integrity of nation states and prompted politicians to
draw up new aerial legislation and regulations to govern this new
form of aerial movement. Whereas some states advocated free and
open access to airspace and unrestricted aerial movement, other
nations pursued a more protectionist stance based on regulation and
reciprocal access arrangements. Technological developments in
aircraft design and performance, combined with changing global
political relations and the introduction of new forms of economic
regulation have all fundamentally affected the development of air
transport.
In order to facilitate the safe, efficient and cost effective
exchange of passengers and cargo between ground and sky airports
require the provision of adequate runways, aircraft manoeuvring
areas, cargo sheds and passenger processing facilities. Airports
are capital intensive facilities and planning errors which result
in the over or under-provision of capacity are both costly and
problematic to rectify and so understanding the optimal
configuration of passenger terminals is paramount. Of course, the
design of passenger terminal buildings is influenced not only by
levels of demand, the commercial requirements of airlines and
tenant companies, the availability of investment funds and
political influence but also by the aircraft that will be using the
facility both now and in the future. Indeed, the introduction of
the first generation of passenger jets in the 1950s and
higher-capacity wide-bodied aircraft in the late 1960s required not
only the expansion of gate areas and passenger processing
facilities but also the introduction of new technologies such as
the travelator, the baggage reclaim carousel and the airbridge. The
introduction of the A380 'Super Jumbo' into revenue passenger
service in 2007 similarly demanded a reconfiguration of the
airports it serves and practitioners need to be cognisant of the
options for accommodating a new generation of large aircraft. While
large aircraft generally require a lengthy turn around period
between flights and the extensive provision of expensive fixed
ground support infrastructure, low cost carriers pursue a business
model based on very short turnarounds and minimal use of airport
infrastructure assets such as airbridges. One of the main
challenges facing airport operators is how to accommodate the
diverse and dynamic requirements of different operators and these
issues are addressed in this Volume. Traditionally, aircraft were
made and manufactured by small companies within one country but as
costs have increased and technology has become more sophisticated,
a relatively small number of manufacturers, which are supported by
international supply chains, have come to dominate the commercial
aircraft market. Originally, all aviation jet fuels were derived
from crude oil. However, concerns about future oil supply and
energy security combined with the need to improve aviation's
environmental performance and sustainability has driven the
development of alternative fuel sources. However, the development
and adoption of alternative aviation fuels is not straightforward
and the Volume examines the opportunities and challenges of
widespread biofuel adoption in terms of production capacity,
emissions reductions, cost and commercial viability. The final
essays in this Volume address business model innovation in the
airline and airport sector and include considerations of the future
evolution of low cost carriers, the potential for airline-airport
alliances and the development of multi-airport multinational
operating companies.
This volume brings together some of the leading names in global
aviation policy research to provide a unique and ground breaking
synthesis of current debates on sustainable aviation. Unlike
previous edited works, this volume is inter-disciplinary and
international in nature, drawing on the work of social scientists,
transport specialists, and policy experts working in the domains of
academia, direct action, and regulation to inform understandings of
the prospects for sustainable aviation. Uniquely, the title
explores the context of the challenge and examines both scenarios
and coalitions for change.
As both an enabler and accelerator of globalisation, aviation has
had profound and sometime unintended and unanticipated social and
economic impacts. Commercial airports are not only transport nodes
that facilitate aerial movement they are also major centres of
employment but often sites of political contestation surrounding
their planning and development as economic growth imperatives
conflict with environmental concerns. Noise is often cited as being
one of the most socially contested aspects of airport operations
for local communities, particularly when flights are operating
during the night. This is a particular challenge for cargo
operators whose business model is based on rapid overnight delivery
and distribution. Specific factors including night noise curfews
and the provision and co-location of freight forwarders are
significant determinants of airport choice and this, in turn, leads
to freight forwarding firms clustering at major freight facilities.
As well as meeting the mobility needs of business travellers and
cargo consignors, air travel also facilitates the mass movement of
leisure passengers. The benefits, challenges and limits to growth
of this market segment are explored together with the social,
economic and environmental challenges tourism creates for receiving
countries. The role of airlines in planning, developing and
marketing tourist destinations is also examined in this Volume.
Aviation-led tourist development is particularly pronounced in
cities such as Singapore and Dubai where air service deregulation
and airport-airline-destination marketing strategies have created
not only major international transit hubs but also significant
centres of international urban tourism. In addition to serving
routes with high levels of passenger and cargo demand, aviation
also performs a vital role for geographically remote and/or
inaccessible regions that cannot be rapidly accessed by road, sea
or rail. Owing to lower levels of demand, the need for small (and
sometimes specially equipped aircraft) and the vagaries of the
local weather and climate, these services are expensive to operate
and may not be economically viable without subsidy. Experiences
from the US and European Union examine some of the issues
surrounding the operation of these services. The Volume concludes
with consideration of aviation's environmental impacts and
potential mitigation strategies such as the EU's Emissions Trading
System.
The world's commercial aviation industry comprises a complex and
highly diverse range of businesses with different forms of
governance, ownership, management structure and organisational
philosophies. The essays in this Volume address issues of market
structure, focusing particularly on changes in the aviation
industry that have resulted from policies of deregulation, as well
as revenue, cost and pricing, airline mergers and acquisitions and
the reasons for and characteristics of global airline alliances.
One of the most significant developments in aviation business
strategy over the last four decades has been the emergence and
expansion of low cost carriers and the implications that this
business model has had for the sector in terms of competition,
route offering, service innovation and profitability. Central to
these discussions are issues of cost and the need to manage yields.
This raises the issue of pricing, elasticity, and price
discrimination, all of which are of relevance to passenger
airlines, air cargo operators and airports. Policies of air service
deregulation and liberalisation have fundamentally changed the
market structure of airlines and airports. As a result of new
airlines entering the market place, many incumbent carriers sought
to protect and grow their market share by reconfiguring their
network into a hub and spoke operation and merging with, or
acquiring their competitors. Another strategy airlines can use to
increase their network presence, market power, and obtain enhanced
economies of scale and scope is to enter into a strategic alliance
with another carrier. Membership of an alliance enables a firm to
access new markets that would previously have been difficult and/or
expensive to operate into and help to overcome (at least in part)
ownership restrictions, a lack of traffic rights to a particular
country and markets with limited demand. Deregulation and
liberalisation have also changed the competitive nature of the
airline market and led to a change in the ownership and control of
airports and airlines with many moving from the public to the
private sector. The increasingly competitive and contestable
market, combined with commercial imperatives to generate a return
on investment, means that airlines and airports are incentivised to
grow their business through marketing and enhanced customer
loyalty. Airlines helped to pioneer the development of customer
loyalty schemes and the resulting frequent flyer programmes have
become a standard aspect of many full service airline operators'
product offerings. However, increased competition and business
model innovation have prompted a reconfiguration of these schemes
with some low cost operators now incorporating elements of frequent
flyer schemes.
The development of civil aviation in the early 20th century
presented a range of new legal and regulatory challenges concerning
the rights of an aircraft from one state to enter the aerial
territory of another. International flights threatened the
territorial integrity of nation states and prompted politicians to
draw up new aerial legislation and regulations to govern this new
form of aerial movement. Whereas some states advocated free and
open access to airspace and unrestricted aerial movement, other
nations pursued a more protectionist stance based on regulation and
reciprocal access arrangements. Technological developments in
aircraft design and performance, combined with changing global
political relations and the introduction of new forms of economic
regulation have all fundamentally affected the development of air
transport. This Volume explores carefully selected aspects of
aviation law and regulation and examines the implications of
changing regulatory intervention on the form and function of civil
aviation worldwide.
The delivery of reliable and efficient aviation services is
predicated on effective decisions being made concerning the
planning and provision of airport and aircraft infrastructure.
Decisions that are made about investment and capacity provision
have long term implications for airports, airlines and consumers.
This Volume addresses issues of forecasting, infrastructure
planning and provision, capacity, scheduling, safety and security,
disruption management and resilience. Accurately forecasting
consumer demand for air travel is a vitally important but
notoriously challenging aspect of aviation policy formation and
management. Forecasts of airline and airport activity may differ
considerably from original predictions and there have been many
examples of operational difficulties resulting from the over or
underestimation of demand. Such issues are apparent not only in
terminal buildings but also on the airfield and are of critical
interest to planners and operational decision makers. Another
activity which is of paramount importance is scheduling. Scheduling
forms a vital part of airline operations as it is concerned with
making the optimum use of scare resources and meeting consumer
demand profitably. In terms of aviation planning and operations the
importance of safety and security cannot be overstated and a number
of essays in this Volume address this area. Together with safety
and security concerns, a number of other factors have the potential
to disrupt planned schedules and any disruption has the potential
to cause delays, inconvenience and lost productivity and so
ensuring a quick and orderly return to normal routine operations is
vital.
Modern airports are dynamic and increasingly commercialised
facilities that are designed and managed to serve the needs of a
diverse group of users, including airlines, passengers and,
increasingly, private shareholders. Essays in this Volume
investigate the implications of privatisation and changes in global
airport regulation on airport pricing, the experience of airport
privatisation in selected global markets and the impacts of airport
privatisation on costs and efficiency. One of the most important
considerations for aviation operators is the level of service they
provide to their customers and issues of airline and airport
service quality are addressed in this Volume. Of course, both
objective measures and individual customer perceptions of service
quality depend not only on material assets and infrastructure but
also on airline and airport employees delivering the standardised
service expectations of their employers. As numerous industrial
disputes have shown, employee dissatisfaction with terms and
conditions of employment can escalate into strikes or work to rule
which have the potential to seriously damage both a company's
reputation and its bottom line. Managing people in aviation is thus
critical to aviation performance and productivity and the essays in
this Volume examine not only the effect of low cost carriers on
industrial relations but also the role of gender in the delivery
of, particularly airline, services.
Air Transport Management: An International Perspective provides
in-depth instruction in the diverse and dynamic area of commercial
air transport management. The 2nd edition has been extensively
revised and updated to reflect the latest developments in the
sector. The textbook includes both introductory reference material
and more advanced content so as to provide a solid foundation in
the core principles and practices of air transport management. This
2nd edition includes a new chapter on airline regulation and
deregulation and new dedicated chapters focusing on aviation safety
and aviation security. Four new contributors bring additional
insights and expertise to the book. The 2nd edition retains many of
the key features of the 1st edition, including: * A clearly
structured topic-based approach that provides information on key
air transport management issues including: aviation law, economics;
airport and airline management; finance; environmental impacts,
human resource management; and marketing; * Chapters authored by
leading air transport academics and practitioners worldwide which
provide an international perspective; * Learning objectives and key
points which provide a framework for learning; * Boxed case studies
and examples in each chapter; * Keyword definitions and stop and
think boxes to prompt reflection and aid understanding of key terms
and concepts. Designed for undergraduate and postgraduate students
studying aviation and business management degree programmes and
industry practitioners seeking to expand their knowledge base, the
book provides a single point of reference to the key legal,
regulatory, strategic and operational concepts and processes that
shape the form and function of the world's commercial air transport
industry.
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