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According to the World Health Report (2000 http:/ /www. who.
int/whr), of the 55 million deaths worldwide in 1999, more than 16
million were secondary to car diovascular complications. With the
prospect of world population increasing from the current level of 6
billion to 9 billion by the middle of this century, the burden of
cardiac disease is going to increase astronomically. Furthermore,
scientists are being challenged not only to reduce mortality, but
also to improve quality of life. Thus, more than ever,
intellectuals from different disciplines including biology,
sociology, informatics and health care have to join forces to meet
the mandate. The World Heart Congress with a focus on "Frontiers in
Cardiovascular Health" held in Winnipeg during July 6-11, 2001,
made a unique attempt to bring these specialists together to
brainstorm and map out the course of action for cardiovascular
research and health in the next century. Anytime there is a
relative increase in the workload on the heart, there are adap tive
myocardial as well as humoral responses. When these adaptations or
remodel ing at the organ, subcellular or gene level, become
inadequate for a proper tissue perfusion, the condition of heart
failure ensues. Prevention of the factors leading to the relative
increase in workload as well as a better understanding of the adap
tive responses and their failure are some of the hopes to combat
the morbidity and mortality due to heart failure.
The unique biology of cardiac fibroblasts and related cells, such
as cardiac myofibroblasts and valvular interstitial cells,
distinguish them from other fibroblastic cells, a concept that is
only beginning to be widely appreciated. Further, the natural
signals that stimulate and inhibit cardiac fibrosis within these
cells are not well understood. This volume compiles articles that
address the molecular mechanisms that control the synthesis and
secretion of the cardiac ECM. The book showcases chapters that
highlight discussion of role of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF ),
an important fibrogenic cytokine and its downstream effectors SMAD
in many cardiac diseases. Further, the contributions highlight
information to discuss endogenous inhibitors of cardiac fibrosis,
as well as advances in tissue engineering specific to matrix in the
heart. Finally, discussions of unifying mechanisms of matrix
remodeling in valves and myocardium are presented. The mechanisms
involved in the stimulation of cardiac fibrosis are not fully
understood. In most cases the marginal attenuation of cardiac
fibrosis as a result of a given therapy is a beneficial side-effect
linked to other primary effects on other cells, especially
cardiomyocytes. Very few drugs or agents are known to affect the
function and dysfunction of cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts
alone. The book helps to translate the information gathered within
to allow us to alter the course of fibrogenic events that are
typical of cardiac fibrosis, and thereby reduce their burden on the
patient and on society itself.
Mechanisms of Heart Failure is based on papers selected from poster
presentations made at the International Conference on Heart
Failure, Winnipeg, May 20-23, 1994. Although the entire book is one
continuous discussion of subcellular mechanisms of heart failure
and its treatment, the presentation has been divided into three
sections: the opening section on the subcellular basis of heart
failure includes discussions of cytokines, signal transduction,
metabolism, extracellular matrix, organ level changes and newer
approaches to understanding the pathogenesis of heart failure. The
second section focuses on the pathophysiological aspects of
cardiomyopathies and their treatment. In the final section,
medical, surgical and pharmacological approaches to the treatment
of heart failure are discussed in clinical and animal laboratory
settings.
The relationship between angiotensin II and hypertension was
established in 1898 when angiotensin II was shown to modulate
systemic blood pressure. Over the intervening decades, a complete
characterization of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been
achieved, and our understanding of its biochemistry and physiology
has led to the directed development of agents such as ACE
inhibitors and receptor antagonists capable of controlling
hypertension. More recently, it was shown that angiotensin II is
secreted within certain tissues, and that these tissue-specific
systems operate independently of the systemic RAS. The novel
concept that angiotensin II regulates a number of cardiovascular
processes that are unrelated to blood pressure has renewed the
interest of both basic and clinical scientists in angiotensin II.
The association between angiotensin II and cardiac growth, in
particular, has indicated that therapies currently in use for
hypertension may have direct application to the treatment of heart
failure. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade: Physiological and
Clinical Implications focuses on the most recent developments in
the molecular biology, cellular physiology and structure-function
relationships of angiotensin II and its receptors. In addition,
this volume covers the current therapeutic uses for angiotensin
receptor antagonists and considers their potential future
applications. This volume will be a valuable resource for
scientists, practising clinicians and students who are attempting
to extend their knowledge in the field of hypertension and heart
failure, and who are devoted to improving cardiovascular health.
The unique biology of cardiac fibroblasts and related cells, such
as cardiac myofibroblasts and valvular interstitial cells,
distinguish them from other fibroblastic cells, a concept that is
only beginning to be widely appreciated. Further, the natural
signals that stimulate and inhibit cardiac fibrosis within these
cells are not well understood. This volume compiles articles that
address the molecular mechanisms that control the synthesis and
secretion of the cardiac ECM. The book showcases chapters that
highlight discussion of role of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF ),
an important fibrogenic cytokine and its downstream effectors SMAD
in many cardiac diseases. Further, the contributions highlight
information to discuss endogenous inhibitors of cardiac fibrosis,
as well as advances in tissue engineering specific to matrix in the
heart. Finally, discussions of unifying mechanisms of matrix
remodeling in valves and myocardium are presented. The mechanisms
involved in the stimulation of cardiac fibrosis are not fully
understood. In most cases the marginal attenuation of cardiac
fibrosis as a result of a given therapy is a beneficial side-effect
linked to other primary effects on other cells, especially
cardiomyocytes. Very few drugs or agents are known to affect the
function and dysfunction of cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts
alone. The book helps to translate the information gathered within
to allow us to alter the course of fibrogenic events that are
typical of cardiac fibrosis, and thereby reduce their burden on the
patient and on society itself.
The focus of this special issue of Molecular and Cellular
Biochemistry is underlying mechanisms that regulate cardiac growth.
The new information provided in this special issue can be utilized
to design new treatment modalities that will reduce the incidence
of cardiac failure which will improve quality of life in patients
with chronic heart disease.
Mechanisms of Heart Failure is based on papers selected from poster
presentations made at the International Conference on Heart
Failure, Winnipeg, May 20-23, 1994. Although the entire book is one
continuous discussion of subcellular mechanisms of heart failure
and its treatment, the presentation has been divided into three
sections: the opening section on the subcellular basis of heart
failure includes discussions of cytokines, signal transduction,
metabolism, extracellular matrix, organ level changes and newer
approaches to understanding the pathogenesis of heart failure. The
second section focuses on the pathophysiological aspects of
cardiomyopathies and their treatment. In the final section,
medical, surgical and pharmacological approaches to the treatment
of heart failure are discussed in clinical and animal laboratory
settings.
The ex-slave, Krio population of Freetown, Sierra Leone - an
amalgam of ethnicities drawn from several parts of the African
continent - is a fascinating study in hybridity, creolization,
European cultural penetration, the retention of African cultural
values, and the interface between New World returnees and
autochthonous populations of West Africa. Although its Nigerian
connections are often acknowledged, insufficient attention has been
paid to the indigenous Sierra Leonean roots of this community. This
anthology addresses this problem, while celebrating the
complexities of Krio identity in Krio interaction with other ethnic
groups and nationalities in the British colonial experience.
The relationship between angiotensin II and hypertension was
established in 1898 when angiotensin II was shown to modulate
systemic blood pressure. Over the intervening decades, a complete
characterization of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been
achieved, and our understanding of its biochemistry and physiology
has led to the directed development of agents such as ACE
inhibitors and receptor antagonists capable of controlling
hypertension. More recently, it was shown that angiotensin II is
secreted within certain tissues, and that these tissue-specific
systems operate independently of the systemic RAS. The novel
concept that angiotensin II regulates a number of cardiovascular
processes that are unrelated to blood pressure has renewed the
interest of both basic and clinical scientists in angiotensin II.
The association between angiotensin II and cardiac growth, in
particular, has indicated that therapies currently in use for
hypertension may have direct application to the treatment of heart
failure.Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade: Physiological and
Clinical Implications focuses on the most recent developments in
the molecular biology, cellular physiology and structure-function
relationships of angiotensin II and its receptors. In addition,
this volume covers the current therapeutic uses for angiotensin
receptor antagonists and considers their potential future
applications. This volume will be a valuable resource for
scientists, practising clinicians and students who are attempting
to extend their knowledge in the field of hypertension and heart
failure, and who are devoted to improving cardiovascular health.
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