It is a matter of pleasure to present the Luminescence studies on Sm3+, Eu3+, Dy3+, Er3+ and Er3+/Yb3+ ions in potassium niobate silicate glasses. The prime objectives of this book are: To prepare Potassium Niobate Silicate (K- Nb- Si) glasses doped Sm3+, Eu3+, Dy3+, Er3+ and Er3+/Yb3+ ions To characterize and optimize the prepared glasses by the conventional spectroscopic techniques like absorption, emission, decay, etc. measurements. To identify the optimum concentrations of dopant ions for efficient luminescence. To find lifetime of the emission level of rare earth ion by increasing active ion concentration This book has been written in a simple and lucid manner. Every effort has been made to make the treatment simple and comprehensive. The topics are explained with the help of clear diagrams, S.I. units are used throughout the book.In spite of our best efforts, some errors might have crept. The authors do not take any legal responsibility for such errors and omissions.If they are brought to our notice, they will be corrected in next edition. Hope this book will be found useful be the research students"

It is a pleasure to present the book provides a comprehensive and up to date account of the EPR and Luminescence Studies on metal ions and rare earth doped glasses. This book has been written in a simple and lucid manner. The book only all inclusive dealing with EPR and optical studies. This book continues to be a resource for Optical Engineers, Researchers and Graduate Students. Every effort has been made to make the treatment simple and comprehensive. The topics are explained with the help of clear diagrams, S.I. units are used throughout the book. In spite of our best efforts, some errors might have crept. The authors do not take any legal responsibility for such errors and omissions.

Bio-diesel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats and used cooking oils is an alternative fuel for diesel engines. It offers many advantages such as renewable, energy efficient, nontoxic, sulfur free and bio-degradable, and also offers cleaner combustion and reduces global warming gas emissions. The present work reports on the preparation of bio-diesel (methyl esters) from selected edible and non edible oils and their performance and emission characteristics. The experiments are carried out in three stages on a Single cylinder kirlosker diesel engine which is commonly used in agricultural sector. In the first stage, tests are carried out by fuelling the diesel engine with tallow oil methyl ester (TME) and its diesel blends. In the second stage, experiments are conducted by fuelling the diesel engine with bio-diesel with LPG blends. The engine is properly modified to operate under dual fuel operation using LPG as the blend fuel along with Diesel and TME as ignition source. Bio-diesel blended with LPG shows low emissions when compared to other blends.