Robots have become an integral part of modern human life. With every passing year the population of robots is being increased. The industry has replaced a large number of human workers with lesser number of robots on the grounds of economy and efficiency. A robot is a modern version of slave, which perform any task in its capacity satisfying the old human instinct to rule. A robot follows the command as ordered by the human master. Therefore the humans can still enjoy mastering a thoughtless, speechless but efficient slave under their authority. To err is human. But industrialists do not accept the error prone human slaves in their industries due to the financial losses caused by the humanly mistakes. Another reason is the hostile environments in industry which causes serious threat to workers. Hence the trend to replace humans by robotic machines is escalating. Therefore, this book is inquisitively focused on developing a robotic machine that can mimic human hand working in industry.

This study describes an experimental investigation of the photosensitizer mTHPC (meso-tetra (hydroxyphenyl) chlorin), which is used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and is available commercially under the trade name Foscan. The studies concentrate on two main topics related to the dynamic behaviour of this photosensitizer under laser exposure: (i) Cellular level fluorescence photobleaching using a micro-spectroscopic laser excitation technique. (ii) Two photon excited fluorescence and PDT using femtosecond duration pulses from a Titanium Sapphire laser emitting at 800 nm.

Pakistan lies in arid to semi arid zone and annual rainfalls vary from 5 to 14 inches in plains and above 20 inches in the northern areas. Overall about 9 MAF net rainfall's volume is estimated to reach the irrigation system annually. The rainfall zones, where runoff data is not available, estimation of runoff from rainfall is a difficult job.Mathematical models for estimating runoff from rainfall data are in use by hydrologists. Small catchments where hydrological data is not available and also for ungauged catchments, its difficult to apply such models. For ungauged catchments, estimation of runoff Strange table was applied in present study as its has frequent used by different agencies in Pakistan for estimating runoff volume from rainfall data for ungauged small catchments during feasibility stage of the projects. Results of the study are presented in this technical book.The authors appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

The Distended Tear is about the grant of laughter as well as tears. This book speaks to our desire to know and to our desire to be known. Hopefully, it challenges us to arrive at understanding and at wisdom by committing to the obligations of thought, of critical judgment and of seeing things in their complexity. Our lives confront us with complexity. "The Distended Tear" asks us to examine our assumptions, to see things in their relationships and contexts, and to deeply engage with and benefit from the thinking others. It is there, in the engagement, in the space in between, where subjective selves meet that the dance of the trusting social relation can commence and a mutual reality be established. Our defensive layers can begin to be peeled back and our true selves can begin to emerge and meet a kindred soul. The Distended Tear calls for the deep social relation as an antidote, for the trauma of phobic relationships. Ultimately this book is about healing. It hopes to promote a posture of mutual achievement striving amongst people. It hopes to promote being fully alive, full of self exertion and connective mergence, experiencing the joy of loving and the joy of being loved. The shallow social relation impedes these joys.