This is what happens when a writer, preacher, and lover of words encounters some of creation's wisest theologians...horses. First, she argues with them. They are, after all, horses. What could they possibly know about life and God that theologians haven't already written? But slowly she engages their language and listens to their holy wisdom, attending to how they express their being, their actions, and their relationships. She allows horses to draw her out of the faith of intellect and into a deeper faith of emotion, body, and soul. With edgy honesty and humor, Brock invites all who have longed for a deeper spiritual encounter with God to join her in the saddle (and occasionally on the ground) to discover how horses speak of God and how their ways of knowing help us to discover ways of God speaking to us.

Arguably biosonar is one of the 'eye-opening' discoveries about animal behavior and the auditory systems of echolocators are front and center in this story. Echolocation by bats has proven to be a virtual gold mine for colleagues studying neurobiology, while providing many rich examples of its impact on other areas of bats' lives. In this volume we briefly review the history of the topic (reminding readers of the 1995 Hearing by Bats). We use a chapter on new findings in the phylogeny of bats to put the information that follows in an evolutionary context. This includes an examination of the possible roles of Prestin and FoxP2 genes and various anatomical features affecting bat vocalizations. We introduce recent work on the role of noseleafs, ears, and other facial components on the focusing of sound and collection of echoes.

Bats have long been the focus of fascination, and sometimes fear: they move faultlessly through the darkness and spend the day hanging upside down in gloomy caverns and cracks – most at home where humans are least comfortable. Bats also represent a hugely important, numerous and varied group, accounting for 20% of all mammal species worldwide. Covering their biodiversity, ecology and natural history, A Miscellany of Bats offers a hoard of insights into the lives of these creatures. For over a quarter of a century Brock Fenton and the late Jens Rydell collaborated on projects involving bats. Here they bring together a collection of stories and anecdotes about bat research, brought to life by stunning photographs of these animals in action. Key topics include flight and echolocation, diet and roosting habits, and the complex social lives of bats. Jens and Brock also address issues of conservation and the interactions between bats and people, ranging from matters of disease to bats’ role as symbols, and our fixation with vampire bats. They explore how echolocation and flight shape batkind, from their appearance to where they go and why. Overall, this book is an entertaining and personal vision of bats’ central place in the universe. More than 150 species are covered.

The Anthropocene is the "age of human influence", an epoch well known for its urban impact. More than half of all people already live in cities, and this proportion is expected to rise to almost 70 percent by 2050. Like other species in urban areas, bats must contend with the pressures of profound and irreversible land cover change and overcome certain unique challenges, such as the high density of roads, lights, glass, and free-ranging domestic animals. Research on urban bats in recent decades indicates that when it comes to urban life, some bats are synanthropes. In other words, although most species of bats are negatively impacted by urbanisation, many appear to not only succeed, but also thrive in cities and towns. This observation has inspired interesting questions about bats in relation to urbanisation. Which traits and behaviours equip bats for urban success? What features of urban areas increase the likelihood that bats will successfully persist there or even colonize new areas? And how does the success of urban bats affect co-habiting humans? Our book explores the interactions between bats and urban environments through case studies and reviews. Understanding how different species interact with urban environments can reveal potential opportunities to mitigate urban threats to bats and threats posed by bats to other urban organisms, including humans. With this book, we thus aspire to provide a knowledge base to help guide current and future efforts to conserve bats.

Arguably biosonar is one of the 'eye-opening' discoveries about animal behavior and the auditory systems of echolocators are front and center in this story. Echolocation by bats has proven to be a virtual gold mine for colleagues studying neurobiology, while providing many rich examples of its impact on other areas of bats' lives. In this volume we briefly review the history of the topic (reminding readers of the 1995 Hearing by Bats). We use a chapter on new findings in the phylogeny of bats to put the information that follows in an evolutionary context. This includes an examination of the possible roles of Prestin and FoxP2 genes and various anatomical features affecting bat vocalizations. We introduce recent work on the role of noseleafs, ears, and other facial components on the focusing of sound and collection of echoes.

Zutot: Perspectives on Jewish Culture aims to fill a gap that has become more and more conspicuous among the wealth of scholarly periodicals in the field of Jewish Studies. Whereas existing journals provide space to medium - and large sized articles, they neglect the small but poignant contributions, which may be as important as the extended, detailed study. The yearbook Zutot serves as a platform for small but incisive contributions, and provides them with a distinct context. The substance of these contributions is derived from larger perspectives and, though not always presented in an exhaustive way, will have an impact on contemporary discussions. Zutot covers Jewish Culture in its broadest sense, i.e. encompassing various academic disciplines - literature, languages and linguistics, philosophy, art, sociology, politics and history - and reflects binary oppositions such as religious and secular, high and low, written and oral, male and female culture.

This book contains the papers delivered at the Fourth International Symposium on Intracranial Pressure, held at Williamsburg, Virginia, USA, June 10-14, 1979. Divided into 12 sessions, they reflect the most recent developments in areas such as head injuries, pressure volume studies, cerebrovascular complications, intracranial hemor rhage, brain edema, systemic factors and infectious processes, data recording and analysis, CSF formation and absorption, hydroce phalus, clinical aspects of ICP monitoring, anesthesia and intra cranial pressure, treatment with barbiturates and steroids, and os motherapy. The book concludes with a summary of the present state-of-the-art in the field as a whole by Dr. Langfitt. There were two innovations at this Symposium. The first of these was poster sessions, the second, breakfast seminars. This volume contains all papers read plus all those presented as posters, and for this reason contains more pages than the three previous volumes. The organizers wish to thank the Advisory Committee for the work done in paper selection and focus of the Conference. Appreciation is also given to the Chairmen and Co-chairmen of the sessions for the preparation of summary statements. Manuscript preparation was performed by Ms. Lucille Browne, and gratitude is expressed to her. The next Symposium, the Fifth International Conference on ICP, will be held in Japan in 1982. We also wish to acknowledge the technical help of Springer-Verlag and their celerity in producing this volume. The Editors VII Contents Session I. Head Injury Chairman: D. P. BECKER; Co-chairman: I. PAPO 3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . .."

"Modem Neurosurgery of Meningiomas and Pituitary Adenomas" presents the state-of-the-art of neurosurgery for these two types of tumors. Following a classification of the pituitary adenomas according to pathology, molecular biological factors are presented and their effects evaluated as these aspects deepen our understanding of the growth and further expansion of these tumors. The diagnosis is made not only by a study of the hormonal status, but also by neuroradiology. A number of authors have devoted their efforts to the special problem groups such as the elderly patients and those with huge pituitary adenomas. Particular emphasis is of course placed on the surgical treatment, including transcranial and transphenoidal neurosurgery, but the use of medical treatment and irradiation must be discussed as well. The treatment of meningiomas has also been influenced by the molecular biology of hormone and growth factors. Therefore it is accorded extensive space in this volume. The prognostic significance of nuclear DNA content is discussed. Recent research with new diagnostic methods such as somatostatin scintigraphy, PET studies end progesterone receptor in tumor fragment spheroids is presented here. The treatment of these tumors, however, depends largely on their localization. For the neurosurgeon, the surgical treatment of meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus, meningiomas of the ventral Foramen of Monroe, meningiomas of the cerebello pontine angle and of the optic sheath is presented by prominent experienced leaders in this field."

The papers presented at the Third International Symposium on Intracranial Pressure that was held at the University of Groningen. June 1-3, 1976 are brought together in this volume. After the successful meetings in Hannover and Lund the feeling of the Advisory Board was. that the third meeting should have more clinical implications. and therefore 7 out of the 10 Sessions deal with clinical problems. That there is still a growing interest in the problems of the intracranial pressure appears from the fact that 152 papers were submitted. Unfortunately only 56 could be read. due to lack of time. The selection was made by the members of the Advisory Board. It is a pity that so many good papers had to be rejected because they did not fit in the program. It was decided in a meeting of chairmen and co-chairmen during the symposium that the next congress will take place in 1979. to keep away from the CBF-meeting in June 1977 in Copenhagen and the "Brain-Edema" meeting in 1979 in Bethesda. This fourth symposium will be held in Williamsburg (USA) and prepared by Donald P. Becker. Douglas Miller. Gerald M. Hochwald and Kenneth Shulman.

More than 40 years ago British and German neurosurgeons met in Berlin and Breslau to exchange their experiences, to strengthen their friendly bonds, and to enjoy the attractions of both cities and their surroundings. In 1960 a joint meeting of the Dutch and German societies took place in Rotterdam by invitation of the Nederlandse Vereniging van Neurochirurgen. All who attended this meeting thankfully remember the great hospitality during these unforgettable days. In 1970, by courtesy of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons, German neurosurgeons had the pleasure to become acquainted with the great tradition of British sciences at one of the most famous places during the meeting in Cambridge. These impressions were deepened by visits to other famous sources of British scientific tradition during the European Congress in Oxford in 1975. The critical distance sometimes necessary towards our own discipline is implicit in the major themes of this meeting. Complications following shunting procedures for hydrocephalus have been discussed on the basis of the results of a cooperative study of some German neurosurgical departments. The second main topic was problems and diagnostic errors in computer tomography. The papers presented contain critical considerations about the findings obtained by this method, as well as on its possibilities and limitations. German neurosurgeons felt deeply indebted to their British and Dutch colleagues and wanted to return their kindness at this joint meeting in Berlin. We hope that all participants will retain pleasant memories of the days in this city.

This volume contains papers presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Intra cranial Pressure held on May 30-June 3,1982, in Tokyo, Japan. The Symposium has continued to grow since it began in 1972, and this year it was comprised 121 oral and 46 poster presentations. This considerable number was chosen from the more than 216 abstracts that were received, which made the selection process very difficult. We would like to thank the Program Committee for their efforts. One hundred and fifty-one of the manuscripts are printed here. The classic papers, short communications, and the presentations for the poster sessions here appear together under their appropriate topic heading. There were eleven sessions which spanned the most basic scientific descriptions of ICP dynamics to the most recent clinical advances and debate. Also included are the seven special seminars given by the invited speakers. These spe cial seminars were an innovation at this symposium as a means of reviewing the major aspects and history and of projecting the future directions of this expanding field. The organizers wish to thank the Advisory Committee for their guidance and focus, and to express their appreciation to everyone who contributed to the success of this meeting - to the Chairmen and Co-chairmen, to all of the members and participants, and not least of all to our executive staff who worked behind the scenes. We also wish to acknowledge our gratitude to Springer-Verlag for their technical aid and for their prompt publication of this volume."

This volume of Advances in Neurosurgery 7 presents the papers held at the Joint Meeting of the American Academy of Neurological Surgery and the "Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Neurochirurgie" in October 1978 in Munich. This exchange of thoughts on scientific methods in neurosurgery on both sides of the globe, i.e., both in the United States and in Germany, covered a number of different topics in the field of neurosurgery, with special emphasis on the following subjects: Intracranial vascular surgery and specialized neurosurgical techniques used for different operative approaches to the skull, brain, pituitary gland, and peripheral nerves. Contributions to the field of computer tomography, traumatology, functional and experimental neurosurgey, as well as chemotherapy rounded off the broad exchange of thoughts. In particular, the variety of the problems discussed, gives insight into the present state of our special field and shows progress and new points of departure. Special gratitude is expressed to the Springer-\Tedag for its help in editing the Ad vances in Neurosurgery, Volume 7. Miinchen, September 1979 EMARGUTH v Opening Oration F. MARGUTH I should like to welcome all of you wholeheartedly to the Joint Meeting of the American Academy of Neurological Surgery and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr N eurochirurgie. I welcome especially our collegues from the United States and the ladies."

The major changes in strategy and structure in MNEs increasing levels of global integration, innovation by design, new network structures, outsourcing of major value-chain activities, E-commerce and the backlash against globalization.
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Fifty-two patients operated on for this type of spondylogenic myelo- pathy by the anterior approach were reexamined. The male: female re- lation was 2 : 1. Fifty percent were males in the 5th decade. About 20% had a congenital narrow spinal canal with an ap-diameter below the minimal standard values (3). The maximum of spondylogenic narrow- ing was found between C4 and C6 in 2/3 of the cases. Results: good 44%, satisfactory 31%, unchanged 13%, deteriorated 12%, mortality O. The duration of the neurological symptoms before operation had no in- fluence on the surgical results. Final neurological restitution was reached within 1 week to 3 months after the operation. The operative results in patients with congenital narrow spinal canal showed the same percentual distribution as the results of the entire group. No factors could be found to explain the groups of unsatisfactory results. References 1. DECKING, D. , STEEGE, W. ter: Rontgenologische ParametAr der Hals- wirbelsaule im seitlichen Strahlengang. Die Wirbelsaule in Forschung und Praxis, ~ (1975) 2. HERRMANN, H. D. : Neurologie in Praxis und Klinik. HOPF, H. C. , POECK, K. , SCHLIACK, N. (Hrsg. ). Stuttgart: Thieme (in press) 3. PIEPGRAS, U. : Neuroradiologie. S. 88-89. Stuttgart: Thieme 1977 114 Classification and Prognosis of Cervical Myelopathy E. HAMEL, R. A FROWEIN, and A KARIMI-NEJAD Introduction Up to the present, 104 patients with cervical myelopathy caused by cervical disk lesions, have been operated on in our clinic.

This volume contains the papers presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Neurochirurgie, held in Heidelberg, Western Germany, on May 1-3,1975. Since at recent meetings of the German Neurosurgical Society central pathophysiological problems such as "central dysregulation" and "brain edema" had been discussed extensively, it seemed appropriate to choose another major area of cerebral patho- physiology for the meeting in Heidelberg. CEREBRAL HYPOXIA is, as LANGFITT once emphasized, "the final common denominator" of various cerebral lesions with which the neurosurgeon is confronted every day. Raised intracranial pressure, respiratory disorders and disturbances in systemic arterial blood pressure, etc. may lead, if not treated, to a focal or global lack of oxygen in the brain tissue. Anoxia finally results in cell death and thus in irreversible cerebral damage or even death. Main interest has therefore been focussed on disturbances in cerebral perfusion pressure ("ischemic hypoxia") and in arterial oxygenation ("hypoxic hypoxia"). The importance of cerebral autoregulatory mechanisms protecting the brain against tissue hypoxia, of patho- morphological alterations of the cerebral vessels (e. g. the "no-reflow-phenomenon") in the course of severe hypoxia, and of changes in brain metabolism have been discussed on a large scale. The organizing committee was particularly happy to have obtained internationally well-known scientists who presented their work in the field of cerebral hypoxia.

On this occasion we look back on 25 years of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Neuro chirurgie. They hold a great deal: founding and development of the society, comple tion and extension, communication between the individual members and contacts to other societies beyond our borders. They also stand for close co-operation with those who transfer their patients to u- the neurologists and specialists in internal medicine, the ophthalmologists and ear nose-and throat specialists as well as the general surgeons. This 25th annual meeting will deal with two examples of diseases that present common problems to the neurologist and to the neurosurgeon, namely meningiomas and multiple sclerosis. In view of their long histories often going back over many years, both of these lesions lead to diagnostic errors and indequate treatment. And yet it should be possible to recognize meningiomas at an early date and to initiate the only possible treatment, the operation, if all diagnostic measures are repeatedly carried out. The diagnosis MS, on the other hand, with the multiplicity of symptoms which are peculiar to this disease, should continue to be re-examined until every other lesion has been excluded with certainty. The increasing number of legal proceedings because of diagnostic and therapeutic measures as well as the doctor-patient talk preceding the written consent for these measures are further problems in need of discussion. For this reason, the topic "medical liability in special reference to the neurosurgeon" was chosen for this meeting. Many questions necessitate many answers."

This volume contains the papers presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Neurochirurgie, held in Mainz, Western Germany, on April 30 - May 3, 1973. Deliberate choice was made of two crucial still hotly debated subjects which, for ages, have meant a source of constant worry, and nights without sleep to every neurosurgeon. Just as long as our special field exists, there have been the problems of how to control brain edema and .of how to reduce lethality and the secondary lesions in surgery of cerebello-pontine angle tumors. Concerning the first subject, new pathological, pathophysiological and chemical aspects, the mechanisms of brain edema formation and resolution are presented in the hope for better understanding. Furthermore, the relationship between brain edema, intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and metabolism are discussed. Finally, the therapeutical consequences as well as the results of experimental and clinical work are presented, and a comparison of effects between different methods (hypertonic solutions, diuretics, steroids, controlled hyperventilation, hyperbaric oxygen) is given. Concerning the second main subject, any important contributions to the early diagnosis of cerebello-pontine angle tumors have been included. Nevertheless, it is of utmost interest for the neurosurgeon to know which approach he is to prefer for the different stages of tumor size and to be familiar with the trans labyrinthine approach or the posterior craniotomy, as well as with the importance of the use of the microscope in neurosurgery, the preservation of the facial nerve and, in certain cases, its repair."

There are more than 1,300 species of bats - or almost a quarter of the world's mammal species. But before you shrink in fear from these furry "creatures of the night," consider the bat's fundamental role in our ecosystem. A single brown bat can eat several thousand insects in a night. Bats also pollinate and disperse the seeds for many of the plants we love, from bananas to mangoes and figs. Bats: A World of Science and Mystery presents these fascinating nocturnal creatures in a new light. Lush, full-color photographs portray bats in flight, feeding, and mating in views that show them in exceptional detail. The photos also take the reader into the roosts of bats, from caves and mines to the tents some bats build out of leaves. A comprehensive guide to what scientists know about the world of bats, the book begins with a look at bats' origins and evolution. The book goes on to address a host of questions related to flight, diet, habitat, reproduction, and social structure: Why do some bats live alone and others in large colonies? When do bats reproduce and care for their young? How has the ability to fly - unique among mammals - influenced bats' mating behavior? A chapter on biosonar, or echolocation, takes readers through the system of high-pitched calls bats emit to navigate and catch prey. More than half of the world's bat species are either in decline or already considered endangered, and the book concludes with suggestions for what we can do to protect these species for future generations to benefit from and enjoy. From the tiny "bumblebee bat" - the world's smallest mammal - to the Giant Golden-Crowned Flying Fox, whose wingspan exceeds five feet, A Battery of Bats presents a panoramic view of one of the world's most fascinating yet least-understood species.

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This 14th volume of Advanaes in Neurosurgery includes the papers presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the German Society of Neurosurgery in Berlin, May 12-15, 1985. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the members of the program committee of the Society, Priv.-Doz. Dr. Klinger, Professors Brock, Dietz, Frowein, Lausberg, Wlillenweber, and Dr. Reuter for their assistance in selecting the contributions and in organizing the scientific program. The first main topic of the meeting was Spinal Cord Tumors. Introductory lectures dealing with basic anatomic knowledge, neuropathological as pects, and neurologic problems were followed by reports on examinations using conventional neuroradiology, scintiscanning, computer tomography as well as the most recent method in the diagnosis of spinal tumors, the magnetic resonance tomography. Also presented were the results of a multicentered study on spinal tumors, ascertained in cooperation with 43 German and Austrian neurosurgical clinics. The participants reported in great detail on the statistical data they recorded from 3056 cases and on the scientific findings obtained from this study. The session concluded with lectures on the possibilities for surgical treatment of spinal tumors and on oncologic and radiotherapeutic mea sures. E: x: perimental Neurosurgery was the second main topic. Leading authorities in the field presented interesting papers on topics such as the therapy of vasculogenetic brain edema, the determination of neurotransmitters in brain tumors, results of cerebral blood flow measurement, and im proved operative techniques using laser radiation."

Die Erfahrungen vergangener Jahre haben uns veranlasst, die Thematik und den Referentenkreis der Fortbildungsveranstaltungen des Berufsverbandes Westfalischer Nervenarzte in den Jahren 1975 und 1976 so zu wahlen, dass durch die Veroeffentli- chung der gehaltenen Vortrage ein Nachschlagewerk von unmittelbarer praktischer Bedeutung fur jeden in der Neuropsychiatrie und ihren Nachbargebieten Tatigen zustande kommen wurde. Dies ist gelungen, weil alle Autoren in ihren UEbersichtsrefe- raten zwar den neuesten Stand der Wissenschaft berucksichtigt, dennoch den praktischen Gesichtspunkten den Vorrang eingeraumt haben. Durch Anwendung zahlreicher Illustrationen sollen dem Leser wichtige Punkte optisch einpragsam ubermittelt werden. Dieser Band befasst sich mit 4 Hauptthemen. Mit der Problematik der intrakraniellen Drucksteigerung und des Hirnoedems sieht sich jeder von uns fast taglich konfrontiert. Es kommt nicht nur darauf an, die modernen Methoden der UEberwachung des Schadelinnendrucks zu kennen, vielmehr geht es um die klinische Erfassung und die Behandlung des Hirnoedems und seiner schwerwiegen- den Folgen. Ebenso aktuell ist die im 2. Abschnitt dieses Werkes behandelte Frage der Pathophysiologie und Therapie des Schmerzes. Hier wurde auf die Darstellung der neurophysiologischen Grundlagen besonderer Wert gelegt. Ein Nachschlagewerk fur die alltagliche Praxis ware ohne die Einbeziehung von EEG, Echoencephalographie und EMG unvollstandig. Diese Methoden sind in den meisten Praxen vorhanden. Dem Leser dieses Werkes wird die Moeglichkeit geboten, sich mit aktuellen Problemen auf diesem Gebiet auseinander zu setzen.