The modern electronic testing has a forty year history. Test professionals hold some fairly large conferences and numerous workshops, have a journal, and there are over one hundred books on testing. Still, a full course on testing is offered only at a few universities, mostly by professors who have a research interest in this area. Apparently, most professors would not have taken a course on electronic testing when they were students. Other than the computer engineering curriculum being too crowded, the major reason cited for the absence of a course on electronic testing is the lack of a suitable textbook. For VLSI the foundation was provided by semiconductor device techn- ogy, circuit design, and electronic testing. In a computer engineering curriculum, therefore, it is necessary that foundations should be taught before applications. The field of VLSI has expanded to systems-on-a-chip, which include digital, memory, and mixed-signalsubsystems. To our knowledge this is the first textbook to cover all three types of electronic circuits. We have written this textbook for an undergraduate "foundations" course on electronic testing. Obviously, it is too voluminous for a one-semester course and a teacher will have to select from the topics. We did not restrict such freedom because the selection may depend upon the individual expertise and interests. Besides, there is merit in having a larger book that will retain its usefulness for the owner even after the completion of the course. With equal tenacity, we address the needs of three other groups of readers.

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 9 QUADRATIC 0-1 PROGRAMMING 8S 9. 1 Energy Minimization 86 9. 2 Notation and Tenninology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 9. 3 Minimization Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 9. 4 An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 9. 5 Accelerated Energy Minimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 9. 5. 1 Transitive Oosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 9. 5. 2 Additional Pairwise Relationships 96 9. 5. 3 Path Sensitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 9. 6 Experimental Results 98 9. 7 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 10 TRANSITIVE CLOSURE AND TESTING 103 10. 1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 10. 2 Transitive Oosure Definition 105 10. 3 Implication Graphs 106 10. 4 A Test Generation Algorithm 107 10. 5 Identifying Necessary Assignments 112 10. 5. 1 Implicit Implication and Justification 113 10. 5. 2 Transitive Oosure Does More Than Implication and Justification 115 10. 5. 3 Implicit Sensitization of Dominators 116 10. 5. 4 Redundancy Identification 117 10. 6 Summary 119 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 11 POLYNOMIAL-TIME TESTABILITY 123 11. 1 Background 124 11. 1. 1 Fujiwara's Result 125 11. 1. 2 Contribution of the Present Work . . . . . . . . . 126 11. 2 Notation and Tenninology 127 11. 3 A Polynomial TlDle Algorithm 128 11. 3. 1 Primary Output Fault 129 11. 3. 2 Arbitrary Single Fault 135 11. 3. 3 Multiple Faults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 11. 4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 ix 12 SPECIAL CASES OF HARD PROBLEMS 141 12. 1 Problem Statement 142 12. 2 Logic Simulation 143 12. 3 Logic Circuit Modeling . 146 12. 3. 1 Modelfor a Boolean Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 12. 3. 2 Circuit Modeling 148 12.

At the centennial of its founding by General Anthony Wayne in 1794, the city of Fort Wayne could boast prosperity and rapid growth as a leading industrial center of the Midwest. By the start of World War I, it had become the second largest city in Indiana. The images collected here offer a comprehensive look into the history of this remarkable city. From the Wabash & Erie Canal at “Summit City� to the Nickel Plate Railroad, from the Johnny Appleseed marker in Swinney Park to the International Harvester truck plant, and from the Aveline Hotel to the Lincoln Bank Tower, Historic Photos of Fort Wayne captures unique and rare scenes of Fort Wayne through the lens of hundreds of historic photographs. Published in striking black and white, these images communicate the historic events and everyday life of two centuries of people building a unique metropolis. Historic Photos of Fort Wayne is sure to captivate anyone curious about the city’s past, from the student of history to the local history buff.

At the centennial of its founding by General Anthony Wayne in 1794, the city of Fort Wayne could boast prosperity and rapid growth as a leading industrial center of the Midwest. By the start of World War I, it had become the second-largest city in Indiana. With a selection of fine historic images from his best-selling book Historic Photos of Fort Wayne, Scott M. Bushnell provides a valuable and revealing historical retrospective on the growth and development of Fort Wayne. The images collected here offer a kaleidoscopic look into the history of this remarkable city, from its early days to recent times. Remembering Fort Wayne captures unique and rare scenes of the city through the lens of more than a hundred historic photographs. Published in vivid black-and-white, these images communicate the historic events and everyday life of two centuries of people building a unique metropolis. Remembering Fort Wayne is sure to captivate anyone curious about the city’s past, from the student of history to the local history buff.

This is the land of Hoosiers. Of George Rogers Clark’s conquest at Vincennes, a key victory for the Revolution. Of covered bridges. A fledgling automobile industry. Notre Dame. The National Road and the Lincoln Highway and Carl Fisher. Cole Porter. The Milwaukee Steamer and the Rumely Oil Pull Tractor. Riverboats on the Wabash and the Ohio. The Wabash and Erie Canal. Interurbans. James Whitcomb Riley and George Ade. Small towns and big cities. Street Fair Days in Peru. The first state capitol at Corydon. Steel in Gary. Evansville’s Municipal Market. Airmail by balloon. Union Station in Indianapolis and the Indy 500. Dunes along the Lake Michigan coast. Gandy dancers, circus parades, rollerskate basketball. Of sugar beets, sugar maples, and soybeans. This is Historic Photos of Indiana, filled with nearly 200 photographs reproduced in vivid black-and-white, with captions and introductions, showing the reader the places, people, and events that helped shape the lore and history of the Hoosier State.

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 9 QUADRATIC 0-1 PROGRAMMING 8S 9. 1 Energy Minimization 86 9. 2 Notation and Tenninology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 9. 3 Minimization Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 9. 4 An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 9. 5 Accelerated Energy Minimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 9. 5. 1 Transitive Oosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 9. 5. 2 Additional Pairwise Relationships 96 9. 5. 3 Path Sensitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 9. 6 Experimental Results 98 9. 7 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 10 TRANSITIVE CLOSURE AND TESTING 103 10. 1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 10. 2 Transitive Oosure Definition 105 10. 3 Implication Graphs 106 10. 4 A Test Generation Algorithm 107 10. 5 Identifying Necessary Assignments 112 10. 5. 1 Implicit Implication and Justification 113 10. 5. 2 Transitive Oosure Does More Than Implication and Justification 115 10. 5. 3 Implicit Sensitization of Dominators 116 10. 5. 4 Redundancy Identification 117 10. 6 Summary 119 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 11 POLYNOMIAL-TIME TESTABILITY 123 11. 1 Background 124 11. 1. 1 Fujiwara's Result 125 11. 1. 2 Contribution of the Present Work . . . . . . . . . 126 11. 2 Notation and Tenninology 127 11. 3 A Polynomial TlDle Algorithm 128 11. 3. 1 Primary Output Fault 129 11. 3. 2 Arbitrary Single Fault 135 11. 3. 3 Multiple Faults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 11. 4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 ix 12 SPECIAL CASES OF HARD PROBLEMS 141 12. 1 Problem Statement 142 12. 2 Logic Simulation 143 12. 3 Logic Circuit Modeling . 146 12. 3. 1 Modelfor a Boolean Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 12. 3. 2 Circuit Modeling 148 12.

The modern electronic testing has a forty year history. Test professionals hold some fairly large conferences and numerous workshops, have a journal, and there are over one hundred books on testing. Still, a full course on testing is offered only at a few universities, mostly by professors who have a research interest in this area. Apparently, most professors would not have taken a course on electronic testing when they were students. Other than the computer engineering curriculum being too crowded, the major reason cited for the absence of a course on electronic testing is the lack of a suitable textbook. For VLSI the foundation was provided by semiconductor device techn- ogy, circuit design, and electronic testing. In a computer engineering curriculum, therefore, it is necessary that foundations should be taught before applications. The field of VLSI has expanded to systems-on-a-chip, which include digital, memory, and mixed-signalsubsystems. To our knowledge this is the first textbook to cover all three types of electronic circuits. We have written this textbook for an undergraduate "foundations" course on electronic testing. Obviously, it is too voluminous for a one-semester course and a teacher will have to select from the topics. We did not restrict such freedom because the selection may depend upon the individual expertise and interests. Besides, there is merit in having a larger book that will retain its usefulness for the owner even after the completion of the course. With equal tenacity, we address the needs of three other groups of readers.

This is the land of Hoosiers. Of George Rogers Clark’s conquest at Vincennes, a key victory for the Revolution. Of covered bridges. A fledgling automobile industry. Notre Dame. The National Road and the Lincoln Highway and Carl Fisher. Cole Porter. The Milwaukee Steamer and the Rumely Oil Pull Tractor. Riverboats on the Wabash and the Ohio. The Wabash and Erie Canal. Interurbans. James Whitcomb Riley and George Ade. Small towns and big cities. Street Fair Days in Peru. The first state capitol at Corydon. Steel in Gary. Evansville’s Municipal Market. Airmail by balloon. Union Station in Indianapolis and the Indy 500. Dunes along the Lake Michigan coast. Gandy dancers, circus parades, rollerskate basketball. Of sugar beets, sugar maples, and soybeans. This is Historic Photos of Indiana, filled with nearly 200 photographs reproduced in vivid black-and-white, with captions and introductions, showing the reader the places, people, and events that helped shape the lore and history of the Hoosier State.

Sage Brant, a photography student focused on her career and love of nature, is drawn into the world and arms of Kirby Chapman, son of the local real estate magnate who values money and possessions above all else. Sage, unwilling to become a powerful man's puppet, forces Kirby to see beyond the vision of the world he's inherited. Sage exposes the truth that threatens to tear them apart and challenges Kirby to step out of his father's shadow. Will Kirby sacrifice it all to prove his love is as enduring as the mountains that surround them in Asheville, North Carolina?