Many decisions are required throughout the software development process. These decisions, and to some extent the decision-making process itself, can best be documented as the rationale for the system, which will reveal not only what was done during development but the reasons behind the choices made and alternatives considered and rejected. This information becomes increasingly critical as software development becomes more distributed and encompasses the corporate knowledge both used and refined during the development process. The capture of rationale helps to ensure that decisions are well thought out and justified and the use of rationale can help avoid the mistakes of the past during both the development of the current system and when software products (architecture and design, as well as code) are reused in future systems.

Burge, Carroll, McCall, and Mistrik describe in detail the capture and use of design rationale in software engineering to improve the quality of software. Their book is the first comprehensive and unified treatment of rationale usage in software engineering. It provides a consistent conceptual framework and a unified terminology for comparing, contrasting and combining the myriad approaches to rationale in software engineering. It is both an excellent introductory text for those new to the field and a uniquely valuable reference for experienced rationale researchers. The book covers the use of rationale for decision making throughout the software lifecycle, starting from the first decisions in a project and continuing through requirements definition, design, implementation, testing, maintenance, redesign and reuse."

You don't need to be convinced. You know that usability is key to the success of any interactive system-from commercial software to B2B Web sites to handheld devices. But you need skills to make usability part of your product development equation. How will you assess your users' needs and preferences? How will you design effective solutions that are grounded in users' current practices? How will you evaluate and refine these designs to ensure a quality product?

"Usability Engineering: Scenario-Based Development of Human-Computer Interaction" is a radical departure from traditional books that emphasize theory and address experts. This book focuses on the realities of product development, showing how user interaction scenarios can make usability practices an integral part of interactive system development. As you'll learn, usability engineering is not the application of inflexible rules; it's a process of analysis, prototyping, and problem solving in which you evaluate tradeoffs, make reasoned decisions, and maximize the overall value of your product.
* Written by prominent HCI educators who understand how to teach usability practices to students and professional developers.
* Interleaves HCI theory and concepts with a running case study demonstrating their application.
* Gradually elaborates the case study to introduce increasingly sophisticated usability engineering techniques.
* Analyzes usability issues in realistic scenarios that describe existing or envisioned systems from the perspective of one or more users.
* Emphasizes the real world of usability engineering-a world in which tradeoffs must be weighed and difficult decisions made to achieve desired results.
* Includes a companion Web site which provides additional case studies in a multimedia format, along with a Java application for creating and editing scenarios. This site also provides instructors with sample syllabi, lecture slides and notes, in-class exercises, solutions to textbook exercises, additional project ideas, and links to other HCI resources.

This book provides an intellectual portrait of Robert Heilbroner. It traces the development of his work and places it within the literature of economic thought. The book finds that Heilbroner is a writer of political economy in the classical sense. His work is more reminiscent of Smith or Marx than of contemporary economic theorists. Heilbroner's economics is built on a solid foundation of social psychology, evolutionary dynamics and human history. This holistic approach affords Heilbroner a wide latitude to define the economic process and the discipline that studies it.

Most learning takes place in communities. People continually learn through their participation with others in everyday activities. Such learning is important in contemporary society because formal education cannot prepare people for a world that changes rapidly and continually. We need to live in learning communities.

This volume gathers together all of the scholarly materials directly emanating from a workshop held in August 2005, when a multidisciplinary group of scholars met at Penn State s College of Information Sciences and Technology to discuss learning in communities . Initially, a sectioned report on the workshop was published as a special section in the Journal of Community Informatics in 2006. Subsequently, a special issue of 5 full papers was published in the Journal of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, and a special section of 2 full papers was published in the International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning.

This collection of papers is not the definitive summary of learning in communities. It is assuredly more prolegomena than coda. Learning is increasing recognized as a critical facet of lifetime activity, one that must become better integrated with all that people do. At the same time, community structures are increasingly recognized as a critical category of social organization flexible and adaptable, capable of innovation and development, and yet just as strongly nurturing and supportive. The promise of learning in communities lies ahead of us. This set of essays hopes to propel us all along that path."

This book focuses on design in the domain of human-computer interaction. Including a broad sampling of case studies as well as narrower theoretical or empirical studies, it includes consideration of educational uses of design rationale, methods for teaching it in industry, and applications to a variety of software and user interface/application domains. The volume promises to be the largest collection of work on design rationale ever assembled, and thereby to energize the considerable, widespread interest in this topic. It will also act as a focus for the existing but scattered work in this domain.

This book focuses on design in the domain of human-computer interaction. Including a broad sampling of case studies as well as narrower theoretical or empirical studies, it includes consideration of educational uses of design rationale, methods for teaching it in industry, and applications to a variety of software and user interface/application domains. The volume promises to be the largest collection of work on design rationale ever assembled, and thereby to energize the considerable, widespread interest in this topic. It will also act as a focus for the existing but scattered work in this domain.

Creativity and rationale comprise an essential tension in design. They are two sides of the coin; contrary, complementary, but perhaps also interdependent. Designs always serve purposes. They always have an internal logic. They can be queried, explained, and evaluated. These characteristics are what design rationale is about. But at the same time designs always provoke experiences and insights. They open up possibilities, raise questions, and engage human sense making. Design is always about creativity.

"Creativity and Rationale: Enhancing Human Experience by Design" comprises 19 complementary chapters by leading experts in the areas of human-computer interaction design, sociotechnical systems design, requirements engineering, information systems, and artificial intelligence. Researchers, research students and practitioners in human-computer interaction and software design will find this state of the art volume invaluable.

Raising money was one of the great successes of the Irish government, as the funds provided the sinews of war with which to fight Britain. This book details the history of the financing of the Irish revolution from both domestic and international loans. Divisions in Irish society over the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the creation of the Irish Free State led to the outbreak of the Civil War. The Free State's ability to deny the anti-Treaty forces access to the loan funds through a ten-year court battle would prove a powerful weapon in defeating the Republicans.

The Dail government depended on the loans to finance their operations, and the failure of the anti-Treaty forces was due in part to their shortage of funds. International complications arose for the Free State when courts in Dublin and New York disagreed over dispersal of the money. Upon his return to government office, Eamon de Valera appealed to bond holders, particularly those in the United States, to give the loan money to him to found an opposition newspaper. Only when de Valera himself formed a government would all of the bond money be repaid. These events would raise questions of international law, and the results would shape Irish relations with the United States for a decade.

Examines how the Irish American community, the American public, and the American government played a crucial role in the making of a sovereign independent Ireland On Easter Day 1916, more than a thousand Irishmen stormed Dublin city center, seizing the General Post Office building and reading the Proclamation for an independent Irish Republic. The British declared martial law shortly afterward, and the rebellion was violently quashed by the military. In a ten-day period after the event, fourteen leaders of the uprising were executed by firing squad. In New York, news of the uprising spread quickly among the substantial Irish American population. Initially the media blamed German interference, but eventually news of British-propagated atrocities came to light, and Irish Americans were quick to respond. America and the Making of an Independent Ireland centres on the diplomatic relationship between Ireland and the United States at the time of Irish Independence and World War I. Beginning with the Rising of 1916, Francis M. Carroll chronicles how Irish Americans responded to the movement for Irish independence and pressuring the US government to intervene on the side of Ireland. Carroll's in-depth analysis demonstrates that Irish Americans after World War I raised funds for the Dail Eireann government and for war relief, while shaping public opinion in favor of an independent nation. The book illustrates how the US government was the first power to extend diplomatic recognition to Ireland and welcome it into the international community. Overall, Carroll argues that the existence of the state of Ireland is owed to considerable effort and intervention by Irish Americans and the American public at large.

Early encounters between Britain and China are best known for igniting the First Opium War. Yet they also produced an enormous archive of writings by Britons who spent time in China. Frustrated with the restrictions imposed by the Manchu rulers of the Qing Empire, and unable to live or travel elsewhere apart from Canton and Macao, these diplomats, traders, missionaries, travelers, and military officers devoted thousands of pages to understanding China, its people, and their civilization. In China Hands and Old Cantons, John M. Carroll draws on this wealth of memoirs, ethnographic studies, travel accounts, narratives of military action, translations, and newspaper articles to trace Britons' wide-ranging, often thoughtful perspectives on China, long before anyone considered going to war. They discussed almost everything they saw and speculated about much of what they could not see-including the size of China's massive population, the extent of infanticide, the origins and practice of foot binding, and the legality and morality of the opium trade. They claimed that only those who had been there could truly understand the Middle Kingdom and that their firsthand experience gave them and their publications an advantage over those in Britain and elsewhere. Carroll brings a seminal period in the Anglo-Chinese relationship, which revolved around tea and opium, to life through the words of those who experienced it intimately.

The Tree Who Walked Through Time - A Tree Identification Story is a children's picture book written by Maureen Carroll and lavishly illustrated by 18 artists who created realistic and fantastical replicas of trees. This book helps children identify different species of trees. This book is a flip book, a two-way tale, in that there are two books in one, with two front covers and no end. The Tree Who Walked Through Time is a story of an old Cottonwood tree who takes a stroll down memory lane, exploring the different trees that grow around him. The Cottonwood, named Prairie Prince, has a conversation with a boy who has fallen asleep under his branches. The other side of the book, The Boy Whose Branches Reached the Stars is the story of a boy named Peter who is unhappy being short and longs to be tall like a tree. He goes on a stroll through the woods, exploring the different trees he might like to be, and eventually falls asleep underneath the old Cottonwood tree. Each artist contributed at least one tree to the book. As luck would have it, no two artists chose the same species The artists' different styles and mediums highlight the unique qualities of each tree, helping the reader learn to distinguish the various species shown. Each contributing artist had a particular inspiration for selecting their tree. Along with their biographies you'll find in the book a brief description of why they chose the tree selected. Some of the contributing artists are well known, others yet to be discovered: Judy Graversen-Algaier, Loretta Hendricks Backus, Kris Barlow, Shelley Barnhill, Maureen Carroll, Jack Cleveland, Lisa Grossman, Stan Herd, Rachel Herring, Paul Hotvedt, Steve Howard, Erok Johanssen, Cathy Martin, Samantha Nowak, Bobbie Powell, Ardys Ramberg, Sara L. Taliaferro and Libby Tempero. Author Maureen Carroll had never tried to herd cats before setting out to coordinate the work of seventeen other Kansas artists for the book, The Tree Who Walked Through Time - A Tree Identification Story, but she has never known the meaning of the word "can't." A lover of rocks and trees since she was a little girl climbing in the Colorado Rockies, Maureen has worn many hats over the years, including linguist and cultural anthropologist, mom, public speaker, gluten-free cook, teacher, photographer, writer, graphic designer, and all-around Seeker of Truth. Maureen graduated from the University of Kansas and has taught classes throughout the United States and abroad. "I started by asking each artist to select a tree and to show something of what distinguishes that species of tree from others," Maureen explains. Serendipitously, no two artists chose the same tree. A few more were added along the way, including Jack Cleveland's fractal tree (which may grow wherever the human imagination wanders). "I wanted to introduce fine art to children, and to use that art to help them learn to identify different kinds of trees. Ultimately I wanted to serve the purpose of conservation by creating an emotional connection to the trees. My artists gave me more than I could have hoped for, which is wonderful because I wanted to help promote them, too." Motivation for this community effort to create a children's book was sparked by the recent cuts in funding to the arts and art education, particularly as it impacts children. We were also motivated by our great love for trees and desire to aid tree conservation by increasing youths' understanding of trees. The author and artists are looking for book readers, tree lovers, and art supporters to aid in their cause of raising $25,000 for children's art education.

Today, "community" seems to be everywhere. At home, at work, and online, the vague but comforting idea of the community pervades every area of life. But have we lost the ability truly to understand what it means? The Neighborhood in the Internet investigates social and civic effects of community networks on local community, and how community network designs are appropriated and extended by community members. Carroll uses his conceptual model of "community" to re-examine the Blacksburg Electronic Village - the first Web-based community network - applying it to attempts to sustain and enrich contemporary communities through information technology. The book provides an analysis of the role of community in contemporary paradigms for work and other activity mediated by the Internet. It brings to the fore a series of design experiments investigating new approaches to community networking and addresses the future trajectory and importance of community networks. This book will be of interest to students of sociology, community psychology, human-computer interaction, information science, and computer-supported collaborative work.

In The American Military Tradition historians John M. Carroll and Colin F. Baxter gather an esteemed group of military historians to explore the pivotal issues and themes in American warfare from the Colonial era to the present conflict in Iraq. From the reliance on militia and the Minutemen of the American Revolution to the all-volunteer specialized troops of today, these twelve essays analyze the continuities and changes in the conduct of war over the past three centuries. In this completely revised second edition, new essays explore Napoleonic warfare, the American Civil War, the Plains Wars in the West, the War against Japan, the nuclear arms race, and the War on Terror. The book, while not avoiding the nature of battle, goes beyond tactics and strategy to include the enormous social and political impact of America's wars.

When the British occupied the tiny island of Hong Kong during the First Opium War, the Chinese empire was well into its decline, while Great Britain was already in the second decade of its legendary "Imperial Century." From this collision of empires arose a city that continues to intrigue observers. Melding Chinese and Western influences, Hong Kong has long defied easy categorization. John M. Carroll's engrossing and accessible narrative explores the remarkable history of Hong Kong from the early 1800s through the post-1997 handover, when this former colony became a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. The book explores Hong Kong as a place with a unique identity, yet also a crossroads where Chinese history, British colonial history, and world history intersect. Carroll concludes by exploring the legacies of colonial rule, the consequences of Hong Kong's reintegration with China, and significant developments and challenges since 1997.

Infants and children spend one- to two-thirds of their life asleep. Despite this, very little attention has been paid to understanding both normal sleep and sleep-related abnormalities during child development. This volume is devoted to breathing during sleep, its changes with development (from the fetus onwards), and the pathophysiology of sleep-related breathing disorders. Sleep and Breathing in Children: investigates breathing during sleep from the fetus onwards examines the effects of sleep on upper airway resistance, ventilatory drive, and respiratory muscle tone compares differences between childhood and adult obstructive sleep apnea, and the profound changes in breathing and sleep during growth and maturation discusses the current research within the field of pediatric sleep disorders reviews the history of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and outlines a future framework for the study of childhood sleep-disordered breathing

Learn and innovate with the latest technologies in Nursing and Healthcare!The first text of its kind in nursing, this book provides up-to-date information on innovative, smart technologies that nurses can use in clinical and non-clinical settings to keep up with the changing face of healthcare. This compelling guide will provide you with information about exciting areas of technology that have great potential to improve patient care. Subjects include big data, artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented realities, connected technologies, and precision health. There is also discussion of the shift of healthcare delivery into the community, with an outlook on improving outcomes and enhancing practice. Each chapter focuses on developing competency in current and future real-world applications of emerging technologies. Early chapters describe how to utilize new tools, processes, models, and products to serve the Quadruple Aim of better managing populations, decreasing costs, and enhancing both the patient and the clinician's experience. The culture of innovation coincides with the ever-changing politics of healthcare in later chapters, which then evolves into the entrepreneurial opportunities for nurses. This text is an essential introduction for all practicing nurses, nurse leaders, and nurses teaching health IT or informatics courses. Key Features: Written by Nurses for Nurses The latest information on emerging Health Information Technology and associated Nursing Implications Compelling cases show the dramatic effect of innovations on value-based care Learn how applying novel technologies can improve patient care

Creativity and rationale comprise an essential tension in design. They are two sides of the coin; contrary, complementary, but perhaps also interdependent. Designs always serve purposes. They always have an internal logic. They can be queried, explained, and evaluated. These characteristics are what design rationale is about. But at the same time designs always provoke experiences and insights. They open up possibilities, raise questions, and engage human sense making. Design is always about creativity. Creativity and Rationale: Enhancing Human Experience by Design comprises 19 complementary chapters by leading experts in the areas of human-computer interaction design, sociotechnical systems design, requirements engineering, information systems, and artificial intelligence. Researchers, research students and practitioners in human-computer interaction and software design will find this state of the art volume invaluable.

This volume of scientific papers is dedicated with gratitude and esteem to Ronald Rivlin and is offered as a token of appreciation by former students, col laborators, and friends. Ronald Rivlin's name is synonymous with modem developments in contin uum mechanics. His outstanding pioneering theoretical and experimental re .search in finite elasticity is a landmark. From his work there has followed a spate of developments in which he played the leading role-the theory of fiber-rein forced materials, the developments of the theory of constitutive equations, the theory of materials with memory, the theory of the fracture of elastomers, the theory of viscoelastic fluids and solids, the development of nonlinear crystal physics, the theory of small deformations superimposed on large, and the effect of large initial strain on wave propagation. It is in Rivlin's work that universal relations were first recognized. Here also are to be found lucid explanations of physical phenomena such as the Poynting effect for elastic rods in torsion. Addi tionally, he and his co-workers predicted the presence of secondary flows for viscoelastic fluids in straight pipes of noncircular cross section under a uniform pressure head. While some others may have displayed a cavalier lack of concern for physical reality and an intoxication with mathematical idiom, Rivlin has al ways been concerned with genuine mathematical and physical content. All of his papers contain interesting and illuminating material-and may be read with profit by anyone interested in continuum mechanics."

Most learning takes place in communities. People continually learn through their participation with others in everyday activities. Such learning is important in contemporary society because formal education cannot prepare people for a world that changes rapidly and continually. We need to live in learning communities.

This volume gathers together all of the scholarly materials directly emanating from a workshop held in August 2005, when a multidisciplinary group of scholars met at Penn State 's College of Information Sciences and Technology to discuss learning in communities . Initially, a sectioned report on the workshop was published as a special section in the Journal of Community Informatics in 2006. Subsequently, a special issue of 5 full papers was published in the Journal of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, and a special section of 2 full papers was published in the International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning.