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This IMA Volume in Mathematics and its Applications STATISTICAL
MODELS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND CLINICAL TRIALS is a
combined proceedings on "Design and Analysis of Clinical Trials"
and "Statistics and Epidemiology: Environment and Health. " This
volume is the third series based on the proceedings of a very
successful 1997 IMA Summer Program on "Statistics in the Health
Sciences. " I would like to thank the organizers: M. Elizabeth
Halloran of Emory University (Biostatistics) and Donald A. Berry of
Duke University (Insti tute of Statistics and Decision Sciences and
Cancer Center Biostatistics) for their excellent work as organizers
of the meeting and for editing the proceedings. I am grateful to
Seymour Geisser of University of Minnesota (Statistics), Patricia
Grambsch, University of Minnesota (Biostatistics); Joel Greenhouse,
Carnegie Mellon University (Statistics); Nicholas Lange, Harvard
Medical School (Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital); Barry
Margolin, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill (Biostatistics);
Sandy Weisberg, University of Minnesota (Statistics); Scott Zeger,
Johns Hop kins University (Biostatistics); and Marvin Zelen,
Harvard School of Public Health (Biostatistics) for organizing the
six weeks summer program. I also take this opportunity to thank the
National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Army Research Office
(ARO), whose financial support made the workshop possible. Willard
Miller, Jr."
Immunizationisoneofthegreatadvancesinpublichealth. Figure0.
1showsacamel with a solar-powered refrigerator on his back carrying
vaccines across a hot desert to the far reaches of civilization.
Many vaccines contain live viruses that need to be kept cold, or
the vaccine viruses will die, and the vaccines will lose their
ability to produce an immune response. Thus a continuous chain of
refrigeration, the cold chain, from the origin to delivery of some
vaccines needs to be maintained. The inspiration of the camel image
is that it represents the dedication of the world to bring vaccines
to everyone. The ?rst major success, and the origin of the word
vaccination (vacca for cow), was Jenner's introducing cowpox-based
vaccine against smallpox in the late 18th century. After nearly a
century hiatus, at the end of the 19th century, inoculations
against cholera, typhoid, plague (caused by bacteria) and rabies
(caused by a virus) were developed. By the early 20th century,
statisticians of the stature of Karl Pe- son, Major Greenwood, and
Udny Yule were heartily involved in discussions of evaluating these
vaccines in the ?eld. In the 1920s, new vaccines included pert-
sis, diptheria, tetanus, and bacille Calmette-Guerin ' against
tuberculosis. The 1930s saw development of yellow fever, in?uenza,
and rickettsia vaccines. After World War II, the advent of cell
cultures in which viruses could grow enabled production of polio
vaccine and vaccines against measles, mumps, rubella, varicella,
and a- novirus, among others (Plotkin et al 2008).
Though the Genome Project will eventually result in the sequencing
of the human genome, as well as the genomes of several other
organisms, there will still be a need for good statistics for
family studies of complex diseases. The papers in this volume are
contributions by some of the leading researchers in the field to
the current topics in statistical genetics. One section deals with
DNA sequence matching and issues related to forensics, while
another deals with statistical problems of modeling phylogenies and
inferential difficulties related to the complex tree structures
produced, as well as the method of coalescence.
Immunizationisoneofthegreatadvancesinpublichealth. Figure0.
1showsacamel with a solar-powered refrigerator on his back carrying
vaccines across a hot desert to the far reaches of civilization.
Many vaccines contain live viruses that need to be kept cold, or
the vaccine viruses will die, and the vaccines will lose their
ability to produce an immune response. Thus a continuous chain of
refrigeration, the cold chain, from the origin to delivery of some
vaccines needs to be maintained. The inspiration of the camel image
is that it represents the dedication of the world to bring vaccines
to everyone. The ?rst major success, and the origin of the word
vaccination (vacca for cow), was Jenner's introducing cowpox-based
vaccine against smallpox in the late 18th century. After nearly a
century hiatus, at the end of the 19th century, inoculations
against cholera, typhoid, plague (caused by bacteria) and rabies
(caused by a virus) were developed. By the early 20th century,
statisticians of the stature of Karl Pe- son, Major Greenwood, and
Udny Yule were heartily involved in discussions of evaluating these
vaccines in the ?eld. In the 1920s, new vaccines included pert-
sis, diptheria, tetanus, and bacille Calmette-Guerin ' against
tuberculosis. The 1930s saw development of yellow fever, in?uenza,
and rickettsia vaccines. After World War II, the advent of cell
cultures in which viruses could grow enabled production of polio
vaccine and vaccines against measles, mumps, rubella, varicella,
and a- novirus, among others (Plotkin et al 2008).
This volume contains refereed papers by participants in the two
weeks on Clinical Trials and one week on Epidemiology and the
Environment held as part of the six weeks workshop on Statistics in
the Health Sciences Applications at the Institute for Mathematics
and its Applications (IMA) in the summer of 1997. Donald Berry was
in charge of the weeks on clinical trials, and Elizabeth Halloran
organized the week on epidemiology and the environment. The
collection includes a major contribution from Jamie Robins, Andrea
Rotnitzky, and Daniel Scharfstein on sensitivity analysis for
selection bias and unmeasured confounding in missing data and
causal and inference models. In another paper, Jamie Robins
presents a new class of causal models called marginal structural
models. Alan Hubbard, Mark van der Laan, and Jamie Robins present a
methodology for consistent and efficient estimation of
treatment-specific survival functions in observational settings.
Brian Leroux, Xingye Lei, and Norman Breslow present a new mixed
model for spatial dependence for estimating disease rates in small
areas. Andrew Lawson and Allan Clark demonstrate Markov Chain Monte
Carlo methods for clustering in spatial epidemiology. Colin Chen,
David Chock, and Sandra Winkler present a simulation study
examining confounding in estimation of the epidemiologic effect of
air pollution. Dalene Stangl discusses issues in the use of
reference priors and Bayes factors in analyzing clinical trials.
Stephen George reviews the role of surrogate endpoints in cancer
clinical trials.
Though the Genome Project will eventually result in the sequencing
of the human genome, as well as the genomes of several other
organisms, there will still be a need for good statistics for
family studies of complex diseases. The papers in this volume are
contributions by some of the leading researchers in the field to
the current topics in statistical genetics. One section deals with
DNA sequence matching and issues related to forensics, while
another deals with statistical problems of modeling phylogenies and
inferential difficulties related to the complex tree structures
produced, as well as the method of coalescence.
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