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Rather than wield religion as a weapon or a ruse in irrational
appeals, the book attempts to reimagine a shared American mythos
and ethos, by reminding us of our shared stake in creating an
America committed to the life of all peoples and species and to the
full developments of our capabilities as an exercise of liberty.
City and Country: The Historical Evolution of Urban-Rural Systems
begins with a simple assumption: every human requires, on average,
two-thousand calories per day to stay alive. Tracing the
ramifications of this insight leads to the caloric well: the
caloric demand at one point in the environment. As population
increases, the depth of the caloric well reflects this increased
demand and requires a population to go further afield for
resources, a condition called urban dependency. City and Country
traces the structural ramifications of these dynamics as the
population increased from the Paleolithic to today. We can
understand urban dependency as the product of the caloric demands a
population puts on a given environment, and when those demands
outstrip the carry capacity of the environment, a caloric well
develops that forces a community to look beyond its immediate area
for resources. As the well deepens, the horizon from which
resources are gathered is pushed further afield, often resulting in
conflict with neighboring groups. Prior to settled villages,
increases in population resulted in cultural (technological)
innovations that allowed for greater use of existing resources: the
broad-spectrum revolution circa 20 thousand years ago, the birth of
agricultural villages 11 thousand years ago, and hierarchically
organized systems of multiple settlements working together to
produce enough food during the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia
seven-thousand years ago-the first urban-rural systems. As cities
developed, increasing population resulted in an ever-deepening
morass of urban dependency that required expansion of urban-rural
systems. These urban-rural dynamics today serve as an underlying
logic upon which modern capitalism is built. The culmination of two
decades of research into the nature of urban-rural dynamics, City
and Country argues that at the heart of the logic of capitalism is
an even deeper logic: urbanization is based on urban dependency.
Gregory M. Fulkerson offers a complete portrait of what communities
are, how they work, and how they are embedded in urban-rural
systems at regional, national, and global scales. After explaining
the concept of urban-rural systems, Fulkerson walks through the
central dynamics of environmental demography, political economy,
culture, social interaction, the built environment, and community
connections. His focus on urban-rural systems ensures that
communities are understood as nodes within a network, overcoming
the tendency to view them as self-contained. Each chapter in
Community in Urban-Rural Systems: Theory, Planning, and Development
offers a blend of classical and contemporary theories and conclude
with relevant planning considerations. An additional chapter on
community development provides strategies for translating planning
considerations into action. The conclusion offers insights into
long-term principles of community sustainability and justice.
This book investigates urbanormativity-a concept that privileges
urban normalcy and desirability over rural deviance and
undesirability. The "reality" section outlines its
foundations-urbanization, urban-rural systems, and urban
dependency. The "representation" section explores urbanormative
culture by considering cultural capital, media, and identity. The
last section, "everyday life," examines urban-rural disparities in
law and politics and in life within different communities. It
concludes by calling for a rural justice approach that will revalue
the rural.
City and Country: The Historical Evolution of Urban-Rural Systems
begins with a simple assumption: every human requires, on average,
two-thousand calories per day to stay alive. Tracing the
ramifications of this insight leads to the caloric well: the
caloric demand at one point in the environment. As population
increases, the depth of the caloric well reflects this increased
demand and requires a population to go further afield for
resources, a condition called urban dependency. City and Country
traces the structural ramifications of these dynamics as the
population increased from the Paleolithic to today. We can
understand urban dependency as the product of the caloric demands a
population puts on a given environment, and when those demands
outstrip the carry capacity of the environment, a caloric well
develops that forces a community to look beyond its immediate area
for resources. As the well deepens, the horizon from which
resources are gathered is pushed further afield, often resulting in
conflict with neighboring groups. Prior to settled villages,
increases in population resulted in cultural (technological)
innovations that allowed for greater use of existing resources: the
broad-spectrum revolution circa 20 thousand years ago, the birth of
agricultural villages 11 thousand years ago, and hierarchically
organized systems of multiple settlements working together to
produce enough food during the Ubaid period in Mesopotamia
seven-thousand years ago-the first urban-rural systems. As cities
developed, increasing population resulted in an ever-deepening
morass of urban dependency that required expansion of urban-rural
systems. These urban-rural dynamics today serve as an underlying
logic upon which modern capitalism is built. The culmination of two
decades of research into the nature of urban-rural dynamics, City
and Country argues that at the heart of the logic of capitalism is
an even deeper logic: urbanization is based on urban dependency.
Urban Dependency investigates the risks of urban populations that
cannot survive without the massive consumption of basic rural
products like food, textiles, fossil fuels, and other energy-rich
goods that are harvested by a shrinking rural base. Thomas and
Fulkerson argue that though essential, rural workers and
communities are poorly compensated for their labor that is both
dangerous and highly exploitative. While the rural population is
already shrinking, the authors predict that harsh
political-economic conditions will only fuel further rural-urban
migration, worsening the problem of urban dependency. The authors
apply their theory of the energy economy to explore a balance
between the supply and demand of energy resources that promotes
rural justice.
Reimagining Rural: Urbanormative Portrayals of Rural Life examines
the ways in which rural people and places are being portrayed by
popular television, reality television, film, literature, and news
media in the United States. It is also an examination of the social
processes that reinforce urbanormative standards that normalize
urban life and render rural life as something unusual, exotic, or
deviant. This includes exploring the role of the media as agenda
setting agent, informing people what and how to think about rural
life. Further it includes scrutinizing the institution of formal
education that promotes a homogenous urban-oriented curriculum,
while in the process, marginalizing the unique characteristics of
local rural communities. These contributions are some of the only
studies of their kind, investigating popular cultural
representations of rural life, while providing powerful evidence
and unique challenges for an urban society to rethink and reimagine
rural life, while confronting the many stereotypes and myths that
exist.
Reinventing Rural is a collection of original research papers that
examine the ways in which rural people and places are changing in
the context of an urbanizing world. This includes exploring the
role of the environment, the economy, and related issues such as
tourism. While traditionally relying on primary sector work in
agriculture, mining, natural resources, and the like, rural areas
are finding new ways to sustain themselves. This involves a new
emphasis on environmental protection, as one important strategy has
been to capitalize on natural amenities to attract residents and
tourists. Beyond improvements to the economy are general
improvements to the quality-of-life in rural communities.
Consistent with this, the volume focuses on the two cornerstones of
education and health, considering current challenges and offering
ideas for reinventing rural quality-of-life.
Reimagining Rural: Urbanormative Portrayals of Rural Life examines
the ways in which rural people and places are being portrayed by
popular television, reality television, film, literature, and news
media in the United States. It is also an examination of the social
processes that reinforce urbanormative standards that normalize
urban life and render rural life as something unusual, exotic, or
deviant. This includes exploring the role of the media as agenda
setting agent, informing people what and how to think about rural
life. Further it includes scrutinizing the institution of formal
education that promotes a homogenous urban-oriented curriculum,
while in the process, marginalizing the unique characteristics of
local rural communities. These contributions are some of the only
studies of their kind, investigating popular cultural
representations of rural life, while providing powerful evidence
and unique challenges for an urban society to rethink and reimagine
rural life, while confronting the many stereotypes and myths that
exist.
The world has been witnessing a long unfolding process of
urbanization that not only has altered the structural basis of
society in terms of political economy, but has also symbolically
relegated rural people and life to a secondary or deviant status
through an ideology of urbanormativity. Both structural and
cultural changes rooted in urbanization are connected in complex
ways to spatial arrangements that can be described in terms of
inequality and uneven development. Through a focus on localities,
Studies in Urbanormativity: Rural Community in Urban Society
examines the implications of urbanization and its corresponding
ideology. Urbanormativity justifies rural domination by holding
urban life as the standard against which rural forms are compared
and deemed to be irregular, inferior, or deviant. Urban production,
as conceptualized in this book, is inherently exploitative of rural
resources natural, social, cultural, and symbolic. As this
exploitation advances, a wake of entropic conditions is left behind
in the forms of degraded landscapes, broken social institutions,
and denigrated communities, cultures and identities. Edited by
Gregory M. Fulkerson and Alexander R. Thomas, Studies in
Urbanormativity engages a topic on which scholars have been
surprisingly silent. Designed for advancing theory and practice,
the chapters provide new theoretical tools for understanding the
complex relationship between the urban and rural. While primarily
intended for scholars and practitioners interested in rural life,
rural policy, and community development, the insights of this book
will also be of interest to scholars studying various forms of
cultural and social domination, as well as identity politics.
Remote Access Technologies for Library Collections: Tools for
Library Users and Managers is crucial to understanding these
changes and the new expectations that library users have in the
21st century. Identifying, implementing and updating new
technologies, understanding copyright and fair use laws, creating
metadata for access to digital collections, and meeting user needs
are just some of the topics covered in this volume. Libraries have
become the electronic information commons of the new information
age and this reference provides a vital exploration of the future,
which is now.
Rather than wield religion as a weapon or a ruse in irrational
appeals, the book attempts to reimagine a shared American mythos
and ethos, by reminding us of our shared stake in creating an
America committed to the life of all peoples and species and to the
full developments of our capabilities as an exercise of liberty.
Urbanormativity explores a cultural ideology that posits that urban
is normal and desirable while rural is deviant, exotic, or
undesirable. This work examines the relevance and meaning of this
phenomenon in three parts: reality, which discusses the
urbanization of the planet and the inherent conflict that emerges
from the condition of urban dependency; representations, which
discusses the cultural dynamics of urbanormativity; and everyday
life, which focuses on the outcomes of urbanormativity in terms of
the legal and political landscape, emphasizing the role of spatial
inequality in creating urban-rural disparities. The book then
examines life in rural communities amid urbanormativity,
highlighting such processes as rural gentrification as well as the
transformation of the character and tradition of rural communities
through the process of place structuration. This book conclude by
developing a new rural justice ethic that advocates for the
incorporation of Sen's notion of capability maximization along with
a concerted effort to revalue the rural-socially, culturally,
politically, and economically.
Reinventing Rural is a collection of original research papers that
examine the ways in which rural people and places are changing in
the context of an urbanizing world. This includes exploring the
role of the environment, the economy, and related issues such as
tourism. While traditionally relying on primary sector work in
agriculture, mining, natural resources, and the like, rural areas
are finding new ways to sustain themselves. This involves a new
emphasis on environmental protection, as one important strategy has
been to capitalize on natural amenities to attract residents and
tourists. Beyond improvements to the economy are general
improvements to the quality-of-life in rural communities.
Consistent with this, the volume focuses on the two cornerstones of
education and health, considering current challenges and offering
ideas for reinventing rural quality-of-life.
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