This book examines how deterrence, coercion and modernization theory has informed U.S. policy, addressing why former Defense Secretary Robert McNamara's famous description of the Vietnam War as the "social scientist's war" is so accurate. By tracing the evolution of ties between social scientists and the government beginning in World War I and continuing through the Second World War and the early Cold War, the narrative highlights the role of institutions like the RAND Corporation, the Social Science Research Council and MIT's Center for International Studies that facilitate these ties while providing a home for the development of theory. The author compares and contrasts the ideas of Bernard Brodie, Herman Kahn, Albert Wohlstetter, Thomas Schelling, Gabriel Almond, Lucian Pye and Walt Rostow, among others, and offers a cautionary tale concerning the difficulties and problems encountered when applying social science theory to national security policy.

"Modem Neurosurgery of Meningiomas and Pituitary Adenomas" presents the state-of-the-art of neurosurgery for these two types of tumors. Following a classification of the pituitary adenomas according to pathology, molecular biological factors are presented and their effects evaluated as these aspects deepen our understanding of the growth and further expansion of these tumors. The diagnosis is made not only by a study of the hormonal status, but also by neuroradiology. A number of authors have devoted their efforts to the special problem groups such as the elderly patients and those with huge pituitary adenomas. Particular emphasis is of course placed on the surgical treatment, including transcranial and transphenoidal neurosurgery, but the use of medical treatment and irradiation must be discussed as well. The treatment of meningiomas has also been influenced by the molecular biology of hormone and growth factors. Therefore it is accorded extensive space in this volume. The prognostic significance of nuclear DNA content is discussed. Recent research with new diagnostic methods such as somatostatin scintigraphy, PET studies end progesterone receptor in tumor fragment spheroids is presented here. The treatment of these tumors, however, depends largely on their localization. For the neurosurgeon, the surgical treatment of meningiomas involving the cavernous sinus, meningiomas of the ventral Foramen of Monroe, meningiomas of the cerebello pontine angle and of the optic sheath is presented by prominent experienced leaders in this field."

More than 40 years ago British and German neurosurgeons met in Berlin and Breslau to exchange their experiences, to strengthen their friendly bonds, and to enjoy the attractions of both cities and their surroundings. In 1960 a joint meeting of the Dutch and German societies took place in Rotterdam by invitation of the Nederlandse Vereniging van Neurochirurgen. All who attended this meeting thankfully remember the great hospitality during these unforgettable days. In 1970, by courtesy of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons, German neurosurgeons had the pleasure to become acquainted with the great tradition of British sciences at one of the most famous places during the meeting in Cambridge. These impressions were deepened by visits to other famous sources of British scientific tradition during the European Congress in Oxford in 1975. The critical distance sometimes necessary towards our own discipline is implicit in the major themes of this meeting. Complications following shunting procedures for hydrocephalus have been discussed on the basis of the results of a cooperative study of some German neurosurgical departments. The second main topic was problems and diagnostic errors in computer tomography. The papers presented contain critical considerations about the findings obtained by this method, as well as on its possibilities and limitations. German neurosurgeons felt deeply indebted to their British and Dutch colleagues and wanted to return their kindness at this joint meeting in Berlin. We hope that all participants will retain pleasant memories of the days in this city.

This volume of Advances in Neurosurgery 7 presents the papers held at the Joint Meeting of the American Academy of Neurological Surgery and the "Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Neurochirurgie" in October 1978 in Munich. This exchange of thoughts on scientific methods in neurosurgery on both sides of the globe, i.e., both in the United States and in Germany, covered a number of different topics in the field of neurosurgery, with special emphasis on the following subjects: Intracranial vascular surgery and specialized neurosurgical techniques used for different operative approaches to the skull, brain, pituitary gland, and peripheral nerves. Contributions to the field of computer tomography, traumatology, functional and experimental neurosurgey, as well as chemotherapy rounded off the broad exchange of thoughts. In particular, the variety of the problems discussed, gives insight into the present state of our special field and shows progress and new points of departure. Special gratitude is expressed to the Springer-\Tedag for its help in editing the Ad vances in Neurosurgery, Volume 7. Miinchen, September 1979 EMARGUTH v Opening Oration F. MARGUTH I should like to welcome all of you wholeheartedly to the Joint Meeting of the American Academy of Neurological Surgery and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr N eurochirurgie. I welcome especially our collegues from the United States and the ladies."

The computer tomograms of the brain were investigated in 195 patients in whom a primary carcinoma was known to be present. Metastases of bronchial and mammary carcinomas are most frequent. It is not possible to achieve a definite differentiation of brain metastases from known primary tumors. References 1. Kazner, E. , Wende, S. , Grumme, Th. , Lanksch, W. , Stochdorph, 0. : Computertomographie intrakranieller Tumoren. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer 1981 2. Nadjmi, M. , Piepgras, U. , Vogelsang, H. : Kranielle Computertomo- graphie. Stuttgart: Thieme 1981 3. Penzholz, H. : Die metastatischen Erkrankungen des Zentralnerven- systems bei besartigen Tumoren. Acta neurochir. Suppl. ~, 1968 4. ZUlch~ K. J. : Pathologische Anatomie der raumbeengenden intra- kraniellen Prozesse. In: Handbuch der Neurochirurgie, Bd. III, Hrsg. Krenkel, W. , Olivecrona, H. , Tennis, W. Berlin: Springer 1956 18 Epileptic Seizures in Brain Metastases B. Neundorfer Klinik fUr Neurologie, Medizinische Hochschule LUbeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-2400 LUbeck 1 Epileptic seizures are a frequent symptem ef intracranial space- eccupying lesiens (4). The reperted frequency in the literature var- ies between 13% and-abeut 50%. This apparent discrepancy can be ex- plained by the different cempesitien ef different series with regard to. the patient's age, turner histelegy and lecatien (4). The mest frequently enceuntered finding in patients with symptematic seizures is a primary brain turner: at the tep ef the list eligedendregliemas, astrecytemas and meningiemas - at the bettem glieblastemas. Brain metastases are also.

This volume of ADVANCES IN NEUROSURGERY presents the original texts of 60 papers delivered at the 33rd annual meeting of the German Neuro surgical Society held in Kiel from May 16th to 20th, 1982. These papers represent a selection from some 162 papers submitted and 96 actually given. The selection was made by the society's programme committee, of which Professor W. J. BOCK, Professor H. DIETZ and Professor W. GROTE are also members. I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to them for their untiring cooperation. The scientific programme dealt with three main themes: 1. Acute, non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhages, a subject that has always been of importance for neurological surgeons since the ana tomist Giovanni Battista MORGAGNI in 1791 first described in detail the clinical picture and the pathological and anatomical causes of a brain hemorrhage he had observed in his servant. Indeed, at our 31st annual meeting in Erlangen in 1980 "Timing Problems in Sub arachnoid Hemorrhages" was one of the main topics of discussion. For this year's meeting a cooperative study in which 27 university and hospital departments of neurosurgery participated enabled us to look into the causes and the diagnostic and therapeutic measures involved in a great number of cases of intracranial hemorrhage."

W.DRIESEN This volume contains the original text of 60 papers delivered at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the German Society for Neurosurgery, held in TUbingen, 22nd to 25th April, 1981. They represent a selection from 91 papers submitted, a third of which had to be excluded on critical analysis. This was deemed necessary on account of costs, and in order to keep the volume of a size and standard usually achieved within the last few years. Three main subjects were considered: 1. changes in methods of investigation and treatment of neurosurgi cal.conditions, brought about by the use of computerised axial tomography (C.A.T . scanning); 2. papers dealing with fundamental research concerned with normal and abnormal cerebral metabolism; 3. trauma to the vertebral column and spinal cord, and its sequelae; and, 4. free communications. The organisers of this meeting tried, in contradistinction to pre vious custom, to shift the emphasis away from highlighting major communications, and so to remain true to their intention to allow experts in their fields to introduce their subjects and pin-point problems, to which subsequent speakers could then address them selves in detail in their own papers. In my view, this did occur in a meaningful way, although not to perfection; a goal always difficult to attain."

W. SCHIEFER The 31st annual meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Neurochirurgie was held in Erlangen on May 1 - 4,1980. The numerous participants obviously enjoyed the opportunity to be co me acquainted with the attractive city of gardens, lecture theatres and workshops surrounded by a lovely countryside and a historic environment. The pro gram included a visit to the neighboring city of Nurnberg, to the old Reichsstadt Regensburg and an opening ceremony in the orangerie of the Erlangen palace, where the "Bamberger Ensemble fur alte Musik" presented interesting and little-known early music. The annual meeting was held in the newly-built "Kopfklinik" of the University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, which houses the departments of neurosurgery, neurology and ophthalmology. As far as possible, many functions of this hospital were centralized because this has economic advantages and saves personell. Other functional units, such as the operating theatres, the intensive care units, research laboratories and units specific to the individual disciplines remained decentralized and independent. This concept has proved to be a happy solution. At the membership meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Neurochirurgie, Prof. Dr. K. J. Zulch of Cologne was made an honorary member of this society, of which he is a founding member."

Fifty-two patients operated on for this type of spondylogenic myelo- pathy by the anterior approach were reexamined. The male: female re- lation was 2 : 1. Fifty percent were males in the 5th decade. About 20% had a congenital narrow spinal canal with an ap-diameter below the minimal standard values (3). The maximum of spondylogenic narrow- ing was found between C4 and C6 in 2/3 of the cases. Results: good 44%, satisfactory 31%, unchanged 13%, deteriorated 12%, mortality O. The duration of the neurological symptoms before operation had no in- fluence on the surgical results. Final neurological restitution was reached within 1 week to 3 months after the operation. The operative results in patients with congenital narrow spinal canal showed the same percentual distribution as the results of the entire group. No factors could be found to explain the groups of unsatisfactory results. References 1. DECKING, D. , STEEGE, W. ter: Rontgenologische ParametAr der Hals- wirbelsaule im seitlichen Strahlengang. Die Wirbelsaule in Forschung und Praxis, ~ (1975) 2. HERRMANN, H. D. : Neurologie in Praxis und Klinik. HOPF, H. C. , POECK, K. , SCHLIACK, N. (Hrsg. ). Stuttgart: Thieme (in press) 3. PIEPGRAS, U. : Neuroradiologie. S. 88-89. Stuttgart: Thieme 1977 114 Classification and Prognosis of Cervical Myelopathy E. HAMEL, R. A FROWEIN, and A KARIMI-NEJAD Introduction Up to the present, 104 patients with cervical myelopathy caused by cervical disk lesions, have been operated on in our clinic.

The 28th annual conference of the German Society for Neurosurgery was held in Cologne, West Germany, from the 18th to the 21st of September 1977. The conference dealt with problems concerning craniocerebral injuries and space-occupying processes in the posterior cranial fossa as well as general topics on clinical practice and research with special attention paid to the work of younger neurosurgeons. This volume is a presentation of the conference results. Within the scope of the general topics, special interest was directed toward the que stion of the current status of cytostatic treatment for brain tumors. In addition to experimental investigations, the results concerning cerebral tumors and medulloblas tomas are reported. Cerebellar tumors represent two further focal points: 1. From the diagnostic viewpoint, specific results from computerized tomography are discussed, especially with regard to the more extensive anatomic difficulties involved in the posterior cranial fossa. 2. With emphasis on cerebellar processes, the results of long-term measurements of intracranial pressure during the postoperative follow-up period are reported."

The Neurosurgeons of Berlin are happy to welcome their colleagues from Germany and from foreign countries to our Annual Meeting, being held in this city once again after many years. The external appearance of the city may have changed in many respects since our winter meeting in 1965. This ist not the case, however, as concerns the outstanding quality of its cultural life. We hope that you take as much profit of it as possible. When choosing the scientific themes of this congress, we were led by the idea that problems should be discussed which are not dealt with at special symposia this year. Thus, the problems related to lumbar disc surgery and its complications were chosen as one main topic. This important chapter of neurosurgery worries (and not seldom depresses) us in our daily work. A joint statistic analysis has been made, for which we are indebted to the colleagues from the following university clinics: Essen, Freiburg, Graz, Hannover, Heidelberg, Kiel, Koln, Mainz, Wiirzburg, Berlin-Charlottenburg, Berlin Steglitz, of the Neurosurgical Department of the BG-U nfallklinik Frankfurt/Main, of the Neurosurgical Department Wagner-J auregg-Krankenhaus Linz, of the Neurosurgical Clinic of the Katharinen-Hospital Stuttgart, and of the Neurosurgical Clinic of the Stadt. Krankenhaus Berlin-N eukolln."

This volume contains the papers presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Neurochirurgie, held in Heidelberg, Western Germany, on May 1-3,1975. Since at recent meetings of the German Neurosurgical Society central pathophysiological problems such as "central dysregulation" and "brain edema" had been discussed extensively, it seemed appropriate to choose another major area of cerebral patho- physiology for the meeting in Heidelberg. CEREBRAL HYPOXIA is, as LANGFITT once emphasized, "the final common denominator" of various cerebral lesions with which the neurosurgeon is confronted every day. Raised intracranial pressure, respiratory disorders and disturbances in systemic arterial blood pressure, etc. may lead, if not treated, to a focal or global lack of oxygen in the brain tissue. Anoxia finally results in cell death and thus in irreversible cerebral damage or even death. Main interest has therefore been focussed on disturbances in cerebral perfusion pressure ("ischemic hypoxia") and in arterial oxygenation ("hypoxic hypoxia"). The importance of cerebral autoregulatory mechanisms protecting the brain against tissue hypoxia, of patho- morphological alterations of the cerebral vessels (e. g. the "no-reflow-phenomenon") in the course of severe hypoxia, and of changes in brain metabolism have been discussed on a large scale. The organizing committee was particularly happy to have obtained internationally well-known scientists who presented their work in the field of cerebral hypoxia.

On this occasion we look back on 25 years of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Neuro chirurgie. They hold a great deal: founding and development of the society, comple tion and extension, communication between the individual members and contacts to other societies beyond our borders. They also stand for close co-operation with those who transfer their patients to u- the neurologists and specialists in internal medicine, the ophthalmologists and ear nose-and throat specialists as well as the general surgeons. This 25th annual meeting will deal with two examples of diseases that present common problems to the neurologist and to the neurosurgeon, namely meningiomas and multiple sclerosis. In view of their long histories often going back over many years, both of these lesions lead to diagnostic errors and indequate treatment. And yet it should be possible to recognize meningiomas at an early date and to initiate the only possible treatment, the operation, if all diagnostic measures are repeatedly carried out. The diagnosis MS, on the other hand, with the multiplicity of symptoms which are peculiar to this disease, should continue to be re-examined until every other lesion has been excluded with certainty. The increasing number of legal proceedings because of diagnostic and therapeutic measures as well as the doctor-patient talk preceding the written consent for these measures are further problems in need of discussion. For this reason, the topic "medical liability in special reference to the neurosurgeon" was chosen for this meeting. Many questions necessitate many answers."

This 14th volume of Advanaes in Neurosurgery includes the papers presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the German Society of Neurosurgery in Berlin, May 12-15, 1985. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the members of the program committee of the Society, Priv.-Doz. Dr. Klinger, Professors Brock, Dietz, Frowein, Lausberg, Wlillenweber, and Dr. Reuter for their assistance in selecting the contributions and in organizing the scientific program. The first main topic of the meeting was Spinal Cord Tumors. Introductory lectures dealing with basic anatomic knowledge, neuropathological as pects, and neurologic problems were followed by reports on examinations using conventional neuroradiology, scintiscanning, computer tomography as well as the most recent method in the diagnosis of spinal tumors, the magnetic resonance tomography. Also presented were the results of a multicentered study on spinal tumors, ascertained in cooperation with 43 German and Austrian neurosurgical clinics. The participants reported in great detail on the statistical data they recorded from 3056 cases and on the scientific findings obtained from this study. The session concluded with lectures on the possibilities for surgical treatment of spinal tumors and on oncologic and radiotherapeutic mea sures. E: x: perimental Neurosurgery was the second main topic. Leading authorities in the field presented interesting papers on topics such as the therapy of vasculogenetic brain edema, the determination of neurotransmitters in brain tumors, results of cerebral blood flow measurement, and im proved operative techniques using laser radiation."

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