This book helps the reader become familiar with various mathematical models for mechanical, electrical, physical, atronomical, chemical, biological, ecological, cybernetical and other systems and processes. The models examined are evolutionary models, i.e. the models of time-varying processes known as dynamic systems, such as fluid flow, biological processes, oscillations in mechanical and electromagnetic systems, and social systems. The book shows readers how to identify appropriate situations for modelling, how to address difficulties in creating models, and how to learn what mathematics teaches us about the modelling of dynamical phenomena in our surrounding world. It is interesting for a wide spectrum of readers, students of natural science and engineering, and also for researchers in these fields.

Drawing together the implications of studies of Sweden, Norway and England in a set of comparative analyses, the authors assess the reforms of the higher education systems on three distinct levels, the state, the institution and the individual. The book examines changes in government policy, in the leadership and management of higher education institutions and the impact on academic identities and the academic profession.

The authoritative overviews in this volume provide a wealth of practical information on current approaches to the study of insect-plant interactions. Methods described include direct behavioral observation; assays of host finding, oviposition, and feeding behavior of insect herbivores; post-ingestion physiological effects; measurement of food quality and sensory responses of insects to plant stimuli; chemical isolation and identification of active phytochemicals; evaluation of plant resistance to insects; and the biochemistry of allelochemic interactions.

This book has come into being as a result ofthe author's lectures on mathematical modelling rendered to the students, BS and MS degree holders specializing in applied mathematics and computer science and to post-graduate students in exact sciences of the Nizhny Novgorod State University after N. . Lobatchevsky. These lectures are adapted and presented as a single whole ab out mathematical models and modelling. This new course of lectures appeared because the contemporary Russian educational system in applied mathematics rested upon a combination of fundamental and applied mathematics training; this way of training oriented students upon solving only the exactly stated mathematical problems, and thus there was created a certain estrangement to the most essential stages and sides of real solutions for applied problems, such as thinking over and deeply piercing the essence of a specific problem and its mathematical statement. This statement embraces simplifications, adopted idealizations and creating a mathematical model, its correction and matching the results obtained against a real system. There also existed another main objective, namely to orient university graduates in their future research not only upon purely mathematical issues but also upon comprehending and widely applying mathematics as a universal language of contemporary exact science, and mathematical modelling as a powerful me ans for studying nature, engineering and human society.

Insects as a group occupy a middle ground in the biosphere between bacteria and viruses at one extreme, amphibians and mammals at the other. The size and gen eral nature of insects present special problems to the student of entomology. For example, many commercially available instruments are geared to measure in grams, while the forces commonly encountered in studying insects are in the mil ligram range. Therefore, techniques developed in the study of insects or in those fields concerned with the control of insect pests are often unique. Methods for measuring things are common to all sciences. Advances sometimes depend more on how something was done than on what was measured; indeed a given field often progresses from one technique to another as new methods are discovered, developed, and modified. Just as often, some of these techniques fmd their way into the classroom when the problems involved have been suffici ently ironed out to permit students to master the manipulations in a few labo ratory periods. Many specialized techniques are confined to one specific research laboratory. Although methods may be considered commonplace where they are used, in another context even the simplest procedures may save considerable time. It is the purpose of this series (1) to report new developments in methodology, (2) to reveal sources of groups who have dealt with and solved particular entomological problems, and (3) to describe experiments which might be applicable for use in biology laboratory courses."

Drawing together the implications of studies of Sweden, Norway and England in a set of comparative analyses, the authors assess the reforms of the higher education systems on three distinct levels, the state, the institution and the individual. The book examines changes in government policy, in the leadership and management of higher education institutions and the impact on academic identities and the academic profession.