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This book presents a specific and unified approach to Knowledge
Discovery and Data Mining, termed IFN for Information Fuzzy Network
methodology. Data Mining (DM) is the science of modelling and
generalizing common patterns from large sets of multi-type data. DM
is a part of KDD, which is the overall process for Knowledge
Discovery in Databases. The accessibility and abundance of
information today makes this a topic of particular importance and
need. The book has three main parts complemented by appendices as
well as software and project data that are accessible from the
book's web site (http: //www.eng.tau.ac.iV-maimonlifn-kdg ). Part I
(Chapters 1-4) starts with the topic of KDD and DM in general and
makes reference to other works in the field, especially those
related to the information theoretic approach. The remainder of the
book presents our work, starting with the IFN theory and
algorithms. Part II (Chapters 5-6) discusses the methodology of
application and includes case studies. Then in Part III (Chapters
7-9) a comparative study is presented, concluding with some
advanced methods and open problems. The IFN, being a generic
methodology, applies to a variety of fields, such as manufacturing,
finance, health care, medicine, insurance, and human resources. The
appendices expand on the relevant theoretical background and
present descriptions of sample projects (including detailed
results)."
Biology Distribution and ecology Taphonomy and preservation Field
sampling and coring Laboratory procedures Data analysis and
interpretation Summary Acknowledgements References 9. Chrysophyte
scales and cysts. B. A. Zeeb & J. P. Smol 203 Introduction
Taxonomy and nomenclature Methods Paleolimnological applications
Future research directions Summary Acknowledgements References 10.
Ebridians. A. Korhola & J. P. Smol 225 Introduction Morphology,
taxonomy and preservation in the sediments Methodological aspects
Brief history of use of ebridians in palaeoecological research
Indicator value and future research priorities Summary
Acknowledgements References 11. Phytoliths. D. R. Piperno 235
Introduction and history Phytolith production and taxonomy
Laboratory methods Applications of phytolith analysis in lake
sediments Summary of the major results Other potential applications
of phytoliths in lake sediments Summary Acknowledgments References
x 12. Freshwater sponges. 253 T. M. Frost Introduction Sponge
species and their distribution Sponge life history Sponge spicules
Paleolimnological studies using freshwater sponges Techniques for
assessing sponge spicules in sediments Future applications of
sponges in paleolimnology Summary Acknowledgements References 13.
Siliceous protozoan plates and scales. M. S. V. Douglas & J. P.
Smol 265 Introduction History and taxonomy Ecology Paleoecological
potential Laboratory methods Data presentation Paleolimnological
applications Other related siliceous indicators Summary
Acknowledgements References 14. Biogenic silica. D.J. Conley &
C.L Schelske 281 Introduction and history Methods Applications
Future directions Summary Acknowledgements References 15.
Sedimentary pigments.
Paleolimnology is a rapidly developing science that is now being
used to study a suite of environmental and ecological problems.
This volume is the fourth handbook in the Developments in
Paleoenvironmental Research book series. The first volume (Last
& Smol, 2001a) examined the acquisition and archiving of
sediment cores, chronological techniques, and large-scale basin
analysis methods. Volume 2 (Last & Smol, 2001b) focused on
physical and chemical methods. Volume 3 (Smol et al. , 2001), along
with this book, summarize the many biological methods and
techniques that are available to study long-term environmental
changeusing information preserved in sedimentary profiles. A
subsequent volume (Birks et al. , in preparation) will deal with
statistical and data handling procedures. It is our intent that
these books will provide sufficient detail and breadth to be useful
handbooks for both seasoned practitioners as well as newcomers to
the area of paleolimnology. These books will also hopefully be
useful to non-paleolimnologists (e. g. , limnologists,
archeologists, palynologists, geographers, geologists, etc. ) who
continue to hear and read about pal- limnology, but have little
chance to explore the vast and sometimes difficult to access
journal-based reference material for this rapidly expanding field.
Although the chapters in these volumes target mainly lacustrine
settings, many of the techniques described can also be readily
applied to fluvial, glacial, marine, estuarine, and peatland
environments. This current volume focuses on zoological indicators
preserved in lake sediments, whilst Volume 3 focused on
terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators.
Origins of fallout radionuclides Sediment records of fallout
radionuclides Simple dating models Vertical mixing Numerical
techniques Radiometric techniques Discussion Summary
Acknowledgements References 10. chronostratigraphic techniques in
paleolimnology. Svante Bjorck & Barbara Wohlfarth 205
Introduction Methods and problems Radiocarbon-dating different
fractions of the sediment as a chronostratigraphic tool Dating of
long (old) stratigraphies High resolution dating and wiggle
matching dating versus absolute dating techniques of lacustrine
sediments Concluding remarks Summary Useful www addresses
Acknowledgements References 11. Varve chronology techniques. Scott
Lamoureux 247 Introduction Methods Summary and future directions
Acknowledgements References 12. Luminescence dating. Olav B. Lian
& D. J. Huntley 261 Introduction The mechanism responsible for
luminescence Dating and estimation of the paleodose
Thermoluminescence dating Optical dating Evaluating the
environmental dose rate xi Sample collection and preparation What
types of depositional environments are suitable for luminescence
dating? What can lead to an inaccurate optical age? Summary
Acknowledgements References 13. Electron spin resonance (ESR)
dating in lacustrine environments. Bonnie A. B. Blackwell 283
Introduction Principles of ESR analysis Sample collection ESR
analysis ESR microscopy and other new techniques Applications and
datable materials in limnological settings Summary Acknowledgements
References 14. Use of paleomagnetism in studies of lake sediments.
John King & John Peck 371 Introduction Recording fidelity of
geomagnetic behavior by sediments Field and laboratory methods
Holocene SV records Magnetostratigraphic studies of Neogene lake
sediments Excursions, short events and relative paleointensity
Conclusions Summary References 15. Amino acid racemization (AAR)
dating and analysis in lacustrine environments."
Theory Instrumentation NIR analysis of sediment samples Uses of
NIRS in palaeolimnology Future perspectives Summary References
Fly-ash particles. Neil Rose 319 12. Introduction A brief history
Methods of extraction and enumeration Temporal distribution Spatial
distribution Source apportionment The future Summary
Acknowledgements References Part III: Stable Isotope Techniques 13.
Application of stable isotope techniques to inorganic and biogenic
carbonates. Emi Ito 351 Introduction Nomenclature and systematics
of lake-water Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of lake-water of dissolved
inorganic carbon (DIC) Carbonates in lake-sediments Mollusks
Ostracodes Charaphytes Isotope analysis Preparation of carbonate
samples for isotope analysis Conclusions Summary Acknowledgments
References 14. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of lake sediment
cellulose: methods and applications. Brent B. Wolfe, Thomas W. D.
Edwards, Richard J. Elgood & Kristina R. M. Beuning 373 xi
Introduction Stable isotope tracers in lake Historical development
Methods Key criteria for paleohydrologic reconstruction
Applications Future research directions Summary Acknowledgements
References Nitrogen isotopes in palaeolimnology. Michael R. Talbot
15. 401 Introduction Nitrogen in lakes: forms and distribution
Nitrogen isotopes Nitrogen isotope studies in palaeolimnology:
sampling and measurement Some examples Closing remarks Summary
Acknowledgments References Glossary, acronyms and abbreviations 441
Index 493 xiii PREFACE The explosive growth of paleolimnology over
the past two decades has provided impetus for the publication of
this series of monographs detailing the numerous advances and new
techniques being applied to the interpretation of lake histories.
This is the second volume in the series and deals mainly with
physical and geochemical analytical techniques.
Amid ongoing shifts world economic and political systems, the
promise for future public health is more tenuous than ever. Will
the today's economic systems sustain tomorrow's health? Will future
generations inherit fair access to health and health care? The best
hope for the health of future generations is the establishment of a
well-grounded, global public health system for today. To that end,
Global Public Health: Ecological Foundations addresses both the
challenges and cooperative solutions of contemporary public health,
all within a framework of social justice, environmental
sustainability, and global cooperation. With an emphasis upon
ecological foundations, this text approaches public health
principles-history, foundations, topics, and applications-with a
community-first perspective. By achieving global reach through
cooperative, local interventions, this text illustrates that
through the practice of public health we can also maintain the
health of our world. Blending established wisdom with new
perspectives, Global Public Health will stimulate better
understanding of how the different streams of public health can
work more synergistically to promote global health equity. It is a
foundation on which future public health measures can be built and
succeed.
Preventing Disease, the offspring of an extraordinary collaboration
between the U.S. and Canadian Preventive Services Task Forces,
presents a meticulous and objective review of the published
evidence on preventive measures. Examining such diverse and
relevant topics as screening for endometrial cancer, exercise
counselling for healthy adults, and the evidence for a causal
relation between dietary lipids and coronary heart disease, this
volume reflects the editors' shared conviction that recommendations
for preventive action should rarely exceed what is well justified
by the evidence. In the current period, characterized as the Second
Public Health Revolution, the authors' hard-nosed approach leads
them to ask the tough questions. Are preventive measures
cost-saving? Does preventive screening actually lead to treatment
in clinical practice? Does the treatment do more good than harm? To
what extent does our desire to eliminate causes of serious
disability, ill health and premature death cloud our objectivity?
All concerned about preventive medicine, community health, and
primary care will find valuable stimulation for thought and action
in this book: the contributions have gone beyond the rhetoric.
This book presents a specific and unified approach to Knowledge
Discovery and Data Mining, termed IFN for Information Fuzzy Network
methodology. Data Mining (DM) is the science of modelling and
generalizing common patterns from large sets of multi-type data. DM
is a part of KDD, which is the overall process for Knowledge
Discovery in Databases. The accessibility and abundance of
information today makes this a topic of particular importance and
need. The book has three main parts complemented by appendices as
well as software and project data that are accessible from the
book's web site (http: //www.eng.tau.ac.iV-maimonlifn-kdg ). Part I
(Chapters 1-4) starts with the topic of KDD and DM in general and
makes reference to other works in the field, especially those
related to the information theoretic approach. The remainder of the
book presents our work, starting with the IFN theory and
algorithms. Part II (Chapters 5-6) discusses the methodology of
application and includes case studies. Then in Part III (Chapters
7-9) a comparative study is presented, concluding with some
advanced methods and open problems. The IFN, being a generic
methodology, applies to a variety of fields, such as manufacturing,
finance, health care, medicine, insurance, and human resources. The
appendices expand on the relevant theoretical background and
present descriptions of sample projects (including detailed
results)."
Origins of fallout radionuclides Sediment records of fallout
radionuclides Simple dating models Vertical mixing Numerical
techniques Radiometric techniques Discussion Summary
Acknowledgements References 10. chronostratigraphic techniques in
paleolimnology. Svante Bjorck & Barbara Wohlfarth 205
Introduction Methods and problems Radiocarbon-dating different
fractions of the sediment as a chronostratigraphic tool Dating of
long (old) stratigraphies High resolution dating and wiggle
matching dating versus absolute dating techniques of lacustrine
sediments Concluding remarks Summary Useful www addresses
Acknowledgements References 11. Varve chronology techniques. Scott
Lamoureux 247 Introduction Methods Summary and future directions
Acknowledgements References 12. Luminescence dating. Olav B. Lian
& D. J. Huntley 261 Introduction The mechanism responsible for
luminescence Dating and estimation of the paleodose
Thermoluminescence dating Optical dating Evaluating the
environmental dose rate xi Sample collection and preparation What
types of depositional environments are suitable for luminescence
dating? What can lead to an inaccurate optical age? Summary
Acknowledgements References 13. Electron spin resonance (ESR)
dating in lacustrine environments. Bonnie A. B. Blackwell 283
Introduction Principles of ESR analysis Sample collection ESR
analysis ESR microscopy and other new techniques Applications and
datable materials in limnological settings Summary Acknowledgements
References 14. Use of paleomagnetism in studies of lake sediments.
John King & John Peck 371 Introduction Recording fidelity of
geomagnetic behavior by sediments Field and laboratory methods
Holocene SV records Magnetostratigraphic studies of Neogene lake
sediments Excursions, short events and relative paleointensity
Conclusions Summary References 15. Amino acid racemization (AAR)
dating and analysis in lacustrine environments."
Theory Instrumentation NIR analysis of sediment samples Uses of
NIRS in palaeolimnology Future perspectives Summary References
Fly-ash particles. Neil Rose 319 12. Introduction A brief history
Methods of extraction and enumeration Temporal distribution Spatial
distribution Source apportionment The future Summary
Acknowledgements References Part III: Stable Isotope Techniques 13.
Application of stable isotope techniques to inorganic and biogenic
carbonates. Emi Ito 351 Introduction Nomenclature and systematics
of lake-water Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of lake-water of dissolved
inorganic carbon (DIC) Carbonates in lake-sediments Mollusks
Ostracodes Charaphytes Isotope analysis Preparation of carbonate
samples for isotope analysis Conclusions Summary Acknowledgments
References 14. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of lake sediment
cellulose: methods and applications. Brent B. Wolfe, Thomas W. D.
Edwards, Richard J. Elgood & Kristina R. M. Beuning 373 xi
Introduction Stable isotope tracers in lake Historical development
Methods Key criteria for paleohydrologic reconstruction
Applications Future research directions Summary Acknowledgements
References Nitrogen isotopes in palaeolimnology. Michael R. Talbot
15. 401 Introduction Nitrogen in lakes: forms and distribution
Nitrogen isotopes Nitrogen isotope studies in palaeolimnology:
sampling and measurement Some examples Closing remarks Summary
Acknowledgments References Glossary, acronyms and abbreviations 441
Index 493 xiii PREFACE The explosive growth of paleolimnology over
the past two decades has provided impetus for the publication of
this series of monographs detailing the numerous advances and new
techniques being applied to the interpretation of lake histories.
This is the second volume in the series and deals mainly with
physical and geochemical analytical techniques.
Paleolimnology is a rapidly developing science that is now being
used to study a suite of environmental and ecological problems.
This volume is the fourth handbook in the Developments in
Paleoenvironmental Research book series. The first volume (Last
& Smol, 2001a) examined the acquisition and archiving of
sediment cores, chronological techniques, and large-scale basin
analysis methods. Volume 2 (Last & Smol, 2001b) focused on
physical and chemical methods. Volume 3 (Smol et al. , 2001), along
with this book, summarize the many biological methods and
techniques that are available to study long-term environmental
changeusing information preserved in sedimentary profiles. A
subsequent volume (Birks et al. , in preparation) will deal with
statistical and data handling procedures. It is our intent that
these books will provide sufficient detail and breadth to be useful
handbooks for both seasoned practitioners as well as newcomers to
the area of paleolimnology. These books will also hopefully be
useful to non-paleolimnologists (e. g. , limnologists,
archeologists, palynologists, geographers, geologists, etc. ) who
continue to hear and read about pal- limnology, but have little
chance to explore the vast and sometimes difficult to access
journal-based reference material for this rapidly expanding field.
Although the chapters in these volumes target mainly lacustrine
settings, many of the techniques described can also be readily
applied to fluvial, glacial, marine, estuarine, and peatland
environments. This current volume focuses on zoological indicators
preserved in lake sediments, whilst Volume 3 focused on
terrestrial, algal, and siliceous indicators.
Biology Distribution and ecology Taphonomy and preservation Field
sampling and coring Laboratory procedures Data analysis and
interpretation Summary Acknowledgements References 9. Chrysophyte
scales and cysts. B. A. Zeeb & J. P. Smol 203 Introduction
Taxonomy and nomenclature Methods Paleolimnological applications
Future research directions Summary Acknowledgements References 10.
Ebridians. A. Korhola & J. P. Smol 225 Introduction Morphology,
taxonomy and preservation in the sediments Methodological aspects
Brief history of use of ebridians in palaeoecological research
Indicator value and future research priorities Summary
Acknowledgements References 11. Phytoliths. D. R. Piperno 235
Introduction and history Phytolith production and taxonomy
Laboratory methods Applications of phytolith analysis in lake
sediments Summary of the major results Other potential applications
of phytoliths in lake sediments Summary Acknowledgments References
x 12. Freshwater sponges. 253 T. M. Frost Introduction Sponge
species and their distribution Sponge life history Sponge spicules
Paleolimnological studies using freshwater sponges Techniques for
assessing sponge spicules in sediments Future applications of
sponges in paleolimnology Summary Acknowledgements References 13.
Siliceous protozoan plates and scales. M. S. V. Douglas & J. P.
Smol 265 Introduction History and taxonomy Ecology Paleoecological
potential Laboratory methods Data presentation Paleolimnological
applications Other related siliceous indicators Summary
Acknowledgements References 14. Biogenic silica. D.J. Conley &
C.L Schelske 281 Introduction and history Methods Applications
Future directions Summary Acknowledgements References 15.
Sedimentary pigments.
An invaluable desk reference for busy public health practitioners,
The Dictionary of Public Health is an alphabetical listing of
almost 5,000 words and phrases used in public health science and
practice. It offers definitions, discussion, and an occasional
brief commentary on the relevance of each term to people and their
health. This volume is a trusted resource for answers to questions
that arise in the course of public health practice, whether in the
office or in the field, in interactions with the public or with the
media.
The book contains cross-referenced definitions and discussions of
related terms and concepts. For easy reference, users will find
similarly worked definitions and discussions of important related
concepts listed under each of the commonly used keywords. A variety
of website links make it easy to find further information at the
users fingertips. Covering all aspects of public health, this book
serves as both a quick and handy reference tool and a vehicle for
more leisurely browsing.
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