Proceedings of the Sixth International School of Coherent Optics, Ustron, Poland, September 19-26, 1985

Text extracted from opening pages of book: CHRISTIANS AND JEWS A Psychoanalytic Study By RUDOLPH M. LOEWENSTEIN, M. D. Member of the Faculty The New York Psychoanalytic Institute Yale University, Department of Psychiatry INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES PRESS, Inc New York New York Translated from the French by Vera Daxmnan COPYRIGHT 1951 BY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES PRESS, INC. Third Printing French Edition Prc$ t$ IMverataiwa de Prance Paris 1051 Dedicated to the Christians who gave their lives for persecuted Jews CONTENTS Preface 9 Introduction 11 Chapter One 1. Anti-Semitism and Mental Illness 14 2. Anti-Semites in Psychoanalysis 26 3. Group Psychopathology 43 Chapter Two 1. Political Manipulation of Anti-Semitism .... 53 2. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 59 Chapter Three MOTIVES OF ANTI-SEMITISM 64 1. Xenophobia 65 2. Economic Factors 79 3. Religious Fanaticism 89 4. Anti-Christianism * . 102 Chapter Four L Jewish Character Traits 107 2. The Marginal Man 147 3. Psychoanalysis of the Jews 153 7 8 CHRISTIANS AND JEWS Chapter Five ISRAEL AND CHRISTIANITY: A CULTURAL PAIR 181 Chapter Six OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE 200 Bibliography 203 Index 215 Preface The original manuscript was started in France in 1941 and was written in French. It was suggested then that it would be much easier to translate the text than to put something that was written in poor English into good English. This is the reason why I continued writ ing in French even after I had come to this country. It took me several years to formulate the thoughts as they now appear in the present manuscript. During this time I discussed various aspects of the problem of anti-Semitism with colleagues and scientists in related fields. Myunderstanding of the problem was greatly enhanced by these discussions and the valuable sugges tions given to me, I wish to acknowledge my indebted ness particularly to Marie Bonaparte, Guy de Roth schild and Georges Halphen, with whom I discussed this problem in France. I owe many insights into the historical aspects of the matter to Horace M. Kallen and Robert P. Casey, and I have profited much, also, from the psychoanalytic discussions with Heinz Hart mann, Ernst Kris and Katherine Wolf. For the manuscript itself I wish to express my gratitude to Aline Caro-Delvaille and particularly to Vera Darnman, who not only translated the book but made many valuable editorial changes. I want to thank, also, Lottie M. Maury for her kind co-operation and help, RUDOLPH M. LOEWENSTEIN, M. D, New York, November Introduction In August 1940, two months after the signing of the armistice between the Vichy Government and Hitler's Germany, I went to visit Madame Marie Bona parte, the famous French psychoanalyst, in the south of France. We discussed the world political situation which was so terribly gloomy at that time. We also dis cussed the Jewish situation and the question of anti-Semitism. She told me of a recent conversation she had had with the director of an important periodical. She had reproached him for the anti-Semitic campaign he had launched at that time. He denied in reply that he had any personal anti-Semitic prejudices, pointing out that several of his intimate friends were Jews. She told me that he justified his paper's policy on the grounds that France was in a period of revolution and was going to need some one to blame; and the Jews, as usual, were the obvious scapegoats. Thisconversation with Marie Bonaparte, and cer tain thoughts she expressed at that time, was the start ing point for my research into the problem of anti-Semitism. Undoubtedly there were personal motives for making such a study. For what, naturally, would be the frame of mind of a man who, although born in pre-1914 Russian Poland, had for many years com pletely identified himself with France only suddenly to find himself morally rejected by his adopted country because he was a Jew. But I also had motives of more 11 12 CHRISTIANS AND JEWS general validity. It occurred to me

For centuries scholars have pondered and speculated over the uses of the chipped stone implements uncovered at archaeological sites. Recently a number of researchers have attempted to determine prehistoric tool function through experimentation and through observation of the few remaining human groups who still retain this knowledge. Learning how stone tools were made and used in the past can tell us a great deal about ancient economic systems, exchange networks, and the social and political structure of prehistoric societies. Suzanne M. Lewenstein used the artifacts from Cerros, an important Late Preclassic (200 BC-AD 200) Mayan site in northern Belize, to study stone tool function. Through a comprehensive program of experimentation with stone tool replicas, she was able not only to infer the tasks performed by individual tool specimens but also to recognize a wide variety of past activities for which stone tools were used. Unlike previous works that focused on hunter-gatherer groups, Stone Tool Use at Cerros is the first comprehensive experimental study of tool use in an agricultural society. The lithic data are used in an economic interpretation of a lowland Mayan community within a hierarchically complex society. Apart from its significance to Mayan studies, this innovative work offers the beginnings of a reference collection of identifiable tool functions that may be documented for sedentary, complex society. It will be of major interest to all archaeologists and anthropologists, as well as those interested in economic specialization and artisanry in complex societies.