The Galactic cosmic rays have far-reaching effects on the interstellar medium, and they are, in turn, profoundly affected by the particles and fields in space. Supernova remnants and their expanding shock fronts pervade the Galaxy, heating the interstellar medium, and accelerating the cosmic rays. The interplay among the cosmic rays, the interstellar medium in which they propagate, and supernovae has been investigated for decades; yet these studies have generated as many enigmas as they have resolved. These puzzles continue to challenge observers and theorists alike. th This volume is devoted to selected lectures presented in the 7 Course of the International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics in Erice, Italy in July-August, 1990. Alltogether, some 400 participants have attended the biennial sessions of this School since its inception in 1978. As its name implies, the School deals with cosmic-ray phenomena viewed in the broader context of astrophysics. Students and Lecturers are attracted from many astrophysical disciplines. Like earlier courses in this series, the present one was organized under the aegis of the Ettore Majorana Centre as a NATO Advanced Study Institute. Given the diverse scientific backgrounds of the students, it was deemed useful to include lectures at the introductory level. Other lectures and contributed talks were at a more advanced level, featuring new developments. If this collection is useful pedagogically, and if it provides some stimulus and information for the mature research worker, then the editors will feel well rewarded.

The symbiosis between particle physics and cosmology has virtually become a conjugal relationship. Hence the 9th biennial Course of the International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics was designed to bridge these formerly dispa- rate disciplines. This NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) took place at the Ettore Majorana Centre in Erice, Italy, June 20-30, 1992. Seventy participants from 17 countries enjoyed the opportunities for lively interactions as much as they benefitted from the stimulating lectures. This volume is based on a selection of lectures and shorter talks presented at the sessions. Warm thanks are due to my co-director, Prof. J. P. Wefel and to co-editor Dr. Rein Silberberg for their co- operation. The support of NATO's Scientific Affairs Di- vision and of Dr. L. V. da Cunha, Director of its ASI Pro- gramme, was invaluable. We also acknowledge important con- tributions by the following: Prof. A. Zichichi, Director of the Majorana Centre and its dedicated staff; the Italian Ministry of Education; the Italian Ministry of Scientific Research; the Sicilian Regional Government; the National Science Foundation of the USA, the European Physical Soci- ety, and Mrs. Shirley Ratner of Bethesda, Maryland. The Scientific Advisory Committee consisted of Profs. P. V. Auger, G. P. S. Occhialini, B. Rossi, M. M. Shapiro, R. Silberberg, J. A. Simpson, J. A. Van Allen, J. P. Wefel, and A. Zichichi. All of the foregoing persons and agencies helped make this ASI a memorable experience for the parti- cipants.

This volume comprises selected lectures presented in the Ninth Course of the International School ofCosmic-Ray Astrophysics held at the Ettore Majorana Centre in Erice, Sicily, May 7-18,1994. Director ofthe Centre is A. Zichichi, assisted by M. Zaini. Director ofthe School is M. M. Shapiro. 1. P. Wefel was co-director of the Ninth Course, which was also a NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI), and NATO support is gratefully acknowledged. Devoted to problems and prospects in high-energy astrophysics and cosmology, the major areas explored in this course were: gamma-ray, X-ray, and neutrino astronomies; cosmic rays; pulsars and supernova remnants; and cosmology, as well as cosmogony. Among the principal developments in gamma-ray astrophysics were those generated by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. Cosmic neutrinos at MeV energies, i.e., those from the sun and from Supernova 1987a, were discussed, as well as neutrino masses in astrophysics. The source composition ofcosmic rays, and extensive air shower experiments, received special attention. The early universe according to COBE data, and as viewed by theorists ofcosmology, was reviewed. Finally, the connections with particle physics occasioned a timely description ofthe Standard Model ofelementary particles.

Particle astronomy - the study of cosmic radiation - was the first of the new astronomies to emerge in the twentieth cen- tury. Although cosmic-ray phenomena have been fruitfully investi- gated for some seventy years, the central engima - the origin of these high-energy particles - remains a challenge. Among the ob- servational clues to possible sites and mechanisms of cosmic-ray production, none carries more information than the composition and energy distribution of the particles arriving in the solar system. The present volume is the work of many participants in a NATO Advanced Study Institute on "The Composition and Origin of Cosmic Rays" held from the 20th to the 30th of June, 1982 under the aus- pices of the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture. Par- ticipants came to the Centre in Erice, Sicily from eight countries. This Institute was also the third Course of the International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics, which has been meeting bienni- ally 1n Erice. Of the two previous Courses, likewise sponsored by the Majorana Centre, the first (1978) provided a broad introduction to th~ field. It was entitled "Progress and Problems in Cosmic- Ray Physics." The second (1980) was devoted to "Acceleration of Particles in Nature." It treated mechanisms of acceleration, some candidate sites, and observational and theoretical constraints. Director of the Majorana Centre is Prof. Antonino Zichichi.

M. M. Shapiro and J. P. Wefel AN OVERVIEW OF COSMIC RAY RESEARCH: COMPOSITION, ACCELERATION AND PROPAGATION J. P. Wefel PROPAGATION AND TRANSFOR'1ATIONS OF cosme RAYS: 41 FROM SOURCES TO EARTH R. Silberberg, C. H. Tsao, J. R. Letaw and M. M. Shapiro 71 ULTRA HEAVY NUCLEI IN THE COSMIC RADIATION W. R. Binns GALACTIC COSMIC RAY HYDROGEN AND HELIUM 91 J. J. Beatty COSMIC RAYS OF THE HIGHEST ENERGIES 97 J. Szabelski STARS AND COSMIC RAYS 105 I. COOL STARS T. Montmerle STARS AND COSMIC RAYS 131 II. HOT STARS T. Montmerle ON THE POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF WC STARS TO ISOTOPIC 153 ANOMALIES IN COSMIC RAYS AND METEORITES J. B. Blake and D. S. P. Dearborn GAMMA-RAY VIEWS ON THE GALACTIC COSMIC-RAY DISTRIBUTION 163 H. Bloemen VlIl RADIO ASTRONOMY AND COSMIC RAYS 175 K. W. Weiler PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN GALACTIC SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 205 D. A. Green PULSARS AS COSMIC RAY PARTICLE ACCELERATORS -- NEW RESULTS 215 ON THE DYNAMICS OF PROTONS IN VACUUM FIELDS K. o. Thie1heim CONDITIONS FOR ACCELERATION OF SUPER-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS 227 IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI W. H. Sorrell COSMIC RAYS AND A STABLE HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM OF THE GALAXY 235 H. B10emen VRE AND URE GAMMA P Y OBSERVATIONS BY GROUND BASED 241 DETECTORS W. Stamm 15 HADRON AND MUON COMPONENTS IN PHOTON SHOWERS AT 10 eV 255 Ch. P. Vankov and J. N. Stamenov MONOPOLES, MUONS, NEUTRINOS AND CYGNUS X-3 261 M. L. Cherry, S. Corbato, D. Kieda, K. Lande, and C. K.

This volume is the product of Lecturers in the fourth Course of the International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics held at the Ettore Majorana Center in Erice, Sicily in November, 1984. The Course, devoted to "Cosmic Radiation in Contemporary Astrophysics," was concurrently a NATO-sponsored Advanced Study Institute (ASI). Cosmic-ray research is in a state of ferment. Precise measure ments - some made with instruments aboard sattelites and space probe- have been confronting models and theories with severe constraints. The observations of gamma-ray sources, notably Cyg X-3, at energies up to 16 10 eV, have opened up tantalizing possibilities of direct source iden tification. This ASI was devoted largely to interdisciplinary phenomena in cosmic-ray astrophysics whose understanding requires input from the other channels in astronomy. It explored the ways in which progress in cosmic-ray science might clarify phenomena observed in related disciplines. In trying to achieve this aim, we assembled a staff of lecturers representing various astrophysical specialties, such as radio astronomy, optical astronomy, X-ray astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, and of course, particle astronomy (i.e., cosmic radiation). Students and other participants were likewise drawn from diverse backgrounds. Vigorous discussions enlivened almost every session."

I. COSIIIC GAMMA RAYS AIm COSIIIC DUnmos L. Scarsi GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY -- AN OVERVIEW OF THE GALACTIC DIFFUSE EMISSION: THE ORIGIN AND CONFINEMENT OF COSMIC RAyS ************ 1 P. L. Biermann PHOTON AND NEUTRINO-EMISSION FROM SHOCKWAVES IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLE I ************************************************* 21 T. Stanev PRODUCTION OF ENERGETIC GAMMA-RAYS AND NEUTRINOS AT BINARY SySTEMS *********************************************** 3 9 F. W. Stecker COSMIC GAMMA-RAYS AND COSMIC-RAY NEUTRINOS FROM GALACTIC AND SOLAR DARK MATTER ANNIHILATION ****************************** 49 E. P. Liang GAMMA RAYS FROM CYGNUS X-I: NEW DIAGNOSTICS FOR A BLACK HOLE ******** 73 F. W. Stecker GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY AND THE HOLISTIC GALAXY ************************* 85 A. W. Wolfendale THE NEUTRINO SIGNAL FROM SNI987A *********************************** 12I A. E. Chudakov, Ya. S. Elensky and S. P. Mikheyev ON THE SPECTRUM OF NEUTRINOS FROM SNI987A ************************** 13I L. V. Volkova A COMMENT ON v Iv RATIO IN ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINO FLUXES ************ 139 e 1I L. V. Volkova FLUXES OF MUONS AND NEUTRINOS GENERATED BY PRIMARY RADIATION IN THE MOON ****************************************** 141 viii P. I. Krastev and S. T. Petcov THREE-NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS IN THE EARTH: RESONANCE AMPLIFICATION AND T-VIOLATION EFFECTS ************************** 145 A. E. Chudakov VHE AND UHE GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY: HISTORY AND PROBLEMS ************** 163 G. B. Yodh ULTRA HIGH ENERGY ASTRONOMY **************************************** 183 A. E. Chudakov, G. Navarra and V. A. Tizengauzen ON THE 100 TeV UHE GAMMA-RAY DATA FROM CYGNUS X-3 AND HERCULES X-1 IN 1986 *************************************** 211 G. B.

A wide range of topics are covered, ranging from supernovae to active galactic nuclei, cosmic gamma rays to neutrinos and dark matter. The basic emphasis is on physics / astrophysics and experimental / observational techniques, scientific implications of current results, and prospects for future advances. The fields surveyed are in rapid development and the exploration of our high energy universe is proceeding rapidly, with exciting new discoveries. What unifies much of the new data is the idea of particle acceleration to enormous energies and the subsequent interactions of the particles with the local medium. It this focus that makes the book both timely and an important contribution to the field.

M. M. Shapiro and J. P. Wefel AN OVERVIEW OF COSMIC RAY RESEARCH: COMPOSITION, ACCELERATION AND PROPAGATION J. P. Wefel PROPAGATION AND TRANSFOR'1ATIONS OF cosme RAYS: 41 FROM SOURCES TO EARTH R. Silberberg, C. H. Tsao, J. R. Letaw and M. M. Shapiro 71 ULTRA HEAVY NUCLEI IN THE COSMIC RADIATION W. R. Binns GALACTIC COSMIC RAY HYDROGEN AND HELIUM 91 J. J. Beatty COSMIC RAYS OF THE HIGHEST ENERGIES 97 J. Szabelski STARS AND COSMIC RAYS 105 I. COOL STARS T. Montmerle STARS AND COSMIC RAYS 131 II. HOT STARS T. Montmerle ON THE POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTION OF WC STARS TO ISOTOPIC 153 ANOMALIES IN COSMIC RAYS AND METEORITES J. B. Blake and D. S. P. Dearborn GAMMA-RAY VIEWS ON THE GALACTIC COSMIC-RAY DISTRIBUTION 163 H. Bloemen VlIl RADIO ASTRONOMY AND COSMIC RAYS 175 K. W. Weiler PARTICLE ACCELERATION IN GALACTIC SUPERNOVA REMNANTS 205 D. A. Green PULSARS AS COSMIC RAY PARTICLE ACCELERATORS -- NEW RESULTS 215 ON THE DYNAMICS OF PROTONS IN VACUUM FIELDS K. o. Thie1heim CONDITIONS FOR ACCELERATION OF SUPER-HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS 227 IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI W. H. Sorrell COSMIC RAYS AND A STABLE HYDROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM OF THE GALAXY 235 H. B10emen VRE AND URE GAMMA P Y OBSERVATIONS BY GROUND BASED 241 DETECTORS W. Stamm 15 HADRON AND MUON COMPONENTS IN PHOTON SHOWERS AT 10 eV 255 Ch. P. Vankov and J. N. Stamenov MONOPOLES, MUONS, NEUTRINOS AND CYGNUS X-3 261 M. L. Cherry, S. Corbato, D. Kieda, K. Lande, and C. K.

This volume is the product of Lecturers in the fourth Course of the International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics held at the Ettore Majorana Center in Erice, Sicily in November, 1984. The Course, devoted to "Cosmic Radiation in Contemporary Astrophysics," was concurrently a NATO-sponsored Advanced Study Institute (ASI). Cosmic-ray research is in a state of ferment. Precise measure ments - some made with instruments aboard sattelites and space probe- have been confronting models and theories with severe constraints. The observations of gamma-ray sources, notably Cyg X-3, at energies up to 16 10 eV, have opened up tantalizing possibilities of direct source iden tification. This ASI was devoted largely to interdisciplinary phenomena in cosmic-ray astrophysics whose understanding requires input from the other channels in astronomy. It explored the ways in which progress in cosmic-ray science might clarify phenomena observed in related disciplines. In trying to achieve this aim, we assembled a staff of lecturers representing various astrophysical specialties, such as radio astronomy, optical astronomy, X-ray astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, and of course, particle astronomy (i.e., cosmic radiation). Students and other participants were likewise drawn from diverse backgrounds. Vigorous discussions enlivened almost every session."

Particle astronomy - the study of cosmic radiation - was the first of the new astronomies to emerge in the twentieth cen- tury. Although cosmic-ray phenomena have been fruitfully investi- gated for some seventy years, the central engima - the origin of these high-energy particles - remains a challenge. Among the ob- servational clues to possible sites and mechanisms of cosmic-ray production, none carries more information than the composition and energy distribution of the particles arriving in the solar system. The present volume is the work of many participants in a NATO Advanced Study Institute on "The Composition and Origin of Cosmic Rays" held from the 20th to the 30th of June, 1982 under the aus- pices of the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture. Par- ticipants came to the Centre in Erice, Sicily from eight countries. This Institute was also the third Course of the International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics, which has been meeting bienni- ally 1n Erice. Of the two previous Courses, likewise sponsored by the Majorana Centre, the first (1978) provided a broad introduction to th~ field. It was entitled "Progress and Problems in Cosmic- Ray Physics." The second (1980) was devoted to "Acceleration of Particles in Nature." It treated mechanisms of acceleration, some candidate sites, and observational and theoretical constraints. Director of the Majorana Centre is Prof. Antonino Zichichi.

I. COSIIIC GAMMA RAYS AIm COSIIIC DUnmos L. Scarsi GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY -- AN OVERVIEW OF THE GALACTIC DIFFUSE EMISSION: THE ORIGIN AND CONFINEMENT OF COSMIC RAyS ************ 1 P. L. Biermann PHOTON AND NEUTRINO-EMISSION FROM SHOCKWAVES IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLE I ************************************************* 21 T. Stanev PRODUCTION OF ENERGETIC GAMMA-RAYS AND NEUTRINOS AT BINARY SySTEMS *********************************************** 3 9 F. W. Stecker COSMIC GAMMA-RAYS AND COSMIC-RAY NEUTRINOS FROM GALACTIC AND SOLAR DARK MATTER ANNIHILATION ****************************** 49 E. P. Liang GAMMA RAYS FROM CYGNUS X-I: NEW DIAGNOSTICS FOR A BLACK HOLE ******** 73 F. W. Stecker GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY AND THE HOLISTIC GALAXY ************************* 85 A. W. Wolfendale THE NEUTRINO SIGNAL FROM SNI987A *********************************** 12I A. E. Chudakov, Ya. S. Elensky and S. P. Mikheyev ON THE SPECTRUM OF NEUTRINOS FROM SNI987A ************************** 13I L. V. Volkova A COMMENT ON v Iv RATIO IN ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINO FLUXES ************ 139 e 1I L. V. Volkova FLUXES OF MUONS AND NEUTRINOS GENERATED BY PRIMARY RADIATION IN THE MOON ****************************************** 141 viii P. I. Krastev and S. T. Petcov THREE-NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS IN THE EARTH: RESONANCE AMPLIFICATION AND T-VIOLATION EFFECTS ************************** 145 A. E. Chudakov VHE AND UHE GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY: HISTORY AND PROBLEMS ************** 163 G. B. Yodh ULTRA HIGH ENERGY ASTRONOMY **************************************** 183 A. E. Chudakov, G. Navarra and V. A. Tizengauzen ON THE 100 TeV UHE GAMMA-RAY DATA FROM CYGNUS X-3 AND HERCULES X-1 IN 1986 *************************************** 211 G. B.