BACOMET cannot be evaluated solely on the basis of its publications. It is important then that the reader, with only this volume on which to judge both the BACOMET activities and its major outcome to date, should know some thing of what preceded this book's publication. For it is the story of how a group of educators, mainly tutors of student-teachers of mathematics, com mitted themselves to a continuing period of work and self-education. The concept of BACOMET developed during a series of meetings held in 1978-79 between the three editors, Bent Christiansen, Geoffrey Howson and Michael Otte, at which we expressed our concern about the contributions from mathematics education as a discipline to teacher education, both as we observed it and as we participated in it. The short time which was at the teacher-educator's disposal, allied to the limited knowledge and experience of the students on which one had to build, raised puzzling problems concerning priorities and emphases. The recognition that these problems were shared by educators from many different countries was matched by the fact that it would be fruitless to attempt to search for an internationally (or even nationally) acceptable solution to our problems. Different contexts and traditions rule this out."

I. Some Characteristic Features of the Passage From the 18th to the 19th Century 1. The following notes grew out of reflections which first led us to send out invitations to, and call for papers for, an interdisciplinary workshop, which took place in Bielefeld from 27th to 30th November, 1979. The status and character of this preface is therefore somewhat ambiguous: on the one hand it does not comment extensively on the articles to follow, on the other hand it could not have been conceived and written in the way it was without knowledge of all the contributions to this volum- which contains revised editions of papers for the workshop - nor without the cooperation of the participants in the above mentioned symposium. Furthermore, although the following may sound slightly programmatic and summary, we hope that it will be sufficiently explicit to provide some key words and concepts useful for further scholarly work. Perhaps the most important result of our efforts is the very structure of these notes: it is aimed at providing methodological orientations for the investigation of what turned out to be a very peculiar period in the history of science. xi H. N. Jahnke and M. Otte (eds.), Epistemological and Social Problems of the Sciences in the Early Nineteenth Century, xi-xlii. Copyright (c) 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. xii H. N. JAHNKE ET AL.

Divided between two military alliances, Europe has maintained stability based on political status quo and military power balance. However, European states-including neutral and nonaligned countries-have felt a need for a common policy to guarantee their security, and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was convened to address this concern. Ten years later, the authors of this study find that the outlines of a European security regime are indeed discernible. The conference in Helsinki initiated efforts for negotiated and controlled change in Europe. Contributors to this volume analyze the achievements of CSCE, consider more recent models of collective or common security systems, and deal with political and military processes at work in Europe as well as relationships with great powers and the Third World. The role of Western Europe, and particularly Finland's role as an initiator of the CSCE process, receives special attention. Documentation of the tenth anniversary meeting and the CSCE process in general are also included.

Divided between two military alliances, Europe has maintained stability based on political status quo and military power balance. However, European states-including neutral and nonaligned countries-have felt a need for a common policy to guarantee their security, and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was convened to address this concern. Ten years later, the authors of this study find that the outlines of a European security regime are indeed discernible. The conference in Helsinki initiated efforts for negotiated and controlled change in Europe. Contributors to this volume analyze the achievements of CSCE, consider more recent models of collective or common security systems, and deal with political and military processes at work in Europe as well as relationships with great powers and the Third World. The role of Western Europe, and particularly Finland's role as an initiator of the CSCE process, receives special attention. Documentation of the tenth anniversary meeting and the CSCE process in general are also included.

I. Some Characteristic Features of the Passage From the 18th to the 19th Century 1. The following notes grew out of reflections which first led us to send out invitations to, and call for papers for, an interdisciplinary workshop, which took place in Bielefeld from 27th to 30th November, 1979. The status and character of this preface is therefore somewhat ambiguous: on the one hand it does not comment extensively on the articles to follow, on the other hand it could not have been conceived and written in the way it was without knowledge of all the contributions to this volum- which contains revised editions of papers for the workshop - nor without the cooperation of the participants in the above mentioned symposium. Furthermore, although the following may sound slightly programmatic and summary, we hope that it will be sufficiently explicit to provide some key words and concepts useful for further scholarly work. Perhaps the most important result of our efforts is the very structure of these notes: it is aimed at providing methodological orientations for the investigation of what turned out to be a very peculiar period in the history of science. xi H. N. Jahnke and M. Otte (eds.), Epistemological and Social Problems of the Sciences in the Early Nineteenth Century, xi-xlii. Copyright (c) 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. xii H. N. JAHNKE ET AL.

Time and again, philosophy, in trying to untangle the issues surrounding the an alytic-synthetic distinction, has doubted that such a distinction can significantly be drawn at all. We think, in face of the varied and age-old discussions on it, that such reflections amount only to one more documentation of the tenacity of the problems behind this distinction. We could even be justified in promoting the thesis that this distinction refers to the complex relationship between the universe of meanings and the universe of objects and thus concerns each domain of human thinking where a form of objectivity is pursued. If one accepts such a thesis, one will find it very natural that this distinction has so frequently occurred in the history of mathematics and in philosophical discussions about mathematics. Since Plato, we may encounter quite a number of interpretations of the ideas of analysis and synthesis, which are related in one sense or other with mathematical thought. Mathematicians of all ages have ap pealed to them in order to distinguish different forms and styles in their argumen tation and expositions. Philosophers have referred to them for clarification of the specific character of mathematics in its relations to knowledge in general. In the present volume various instances of the analytic-synthetic distinction are discussed in relation to the history and philosophy of mathematics, and some new perspectives about possible interpretations and consequences are suggested."

BACOMET cannot be evaluated solely on the basis of its publications. It is important then that the reader, with only this volume on which to judge both the BACOMET activities and its major outcome to date, should know some thing of what preceded this book's publication. For it is the story of how a group of educators, mainly tutors of student-teachers of mathematics, com mitted themselves to a continuing period of work and self-education. The concept of BACOMET developed during a series of meetings held in 1978-79 between the three editors, Bent Christiansen, Geoffrey Howson and Michael Otte, at which we expressed our concern about the contributions from mathematics education as a discipline to teacher education, both as we observed it and as we participated in it. The short time which was at the teacher-educator's disposal, allied to the limited knowledge and experience of the students on which one had to build, raised puzzling problems concerning priorities and emphases. The recognition that these problems were shared by educators from many different countries was matched by the fact that it would be fruitless to attempt to search for an internationally (or even nationally) acceptable solution to our problems. Different contexts and traditions rule this out."

Vorworte und Einleitungen ahneln oft - und dann werden sie als gut und angemessen empfunden"-, Fahnensprtichen und Bannerlosungen, zuweilen gleichen sie allerdings auch mehr Grabinschriften. Sie sind kurz, und sie versuchen in dieser Ktirze Vergangenheit und Zukunft, Reflexion und Aktion in Zusammenhang, in Bewegung zu bringen und damit bestimmten Leitvorstellungen zum Ausdruck zu verhelfen. Sie sind prag matisch, nicht didaktisch und niemals detailliert. Das vorliegende Vorwort dagegen ist lang, aber dennoch kursorisch. Es entspringt einem einheitlichen Interesse, welches vielleicht am besten in dem Satz Rene Thoms zum Aus druck kommt: "Tatsachlich beruht, ob man das nun wahrhaben will oder nicht, aIle mathematische Padagogik . auf einer Philosophie der Mathematik. 111) Es setzt sich jedoch anderer seits mit einer Ftille von Fragen, Problemen und Entwicklungen im Zusammenhang der Wissenschaft Mathematik auseinander. Obwohl die folgenden Zeilen eine Sammlung von Artikeln ein lei ten sollen und es sich also nicht urn einen eigenen unab hangigen Aufsatz handelt, bezieht sich der Text auch auf spater nur implizit Angesprochenes, und es wird darin nicht jedes Argument im einzelnen belegt, nachgewiesen und konkreti siert. Es handelt sich, wie gesagt, urn ein Vorwort im ein gangs skizzierten Sinne, obgleich der Text einen relativ groBen Umfang hat. Wir hoffen, daB er trotz dieser Wider sprtichlichkeit seinen Sinn erftillt. 1) In A.G.HOWSON (Hrsg.): Developments in Mathematical Education, Cambridge 1973, S. 204."

I was inspired to write the poems in this book from experience in real life our loss and its lessons from which we learn. The elements we deal with in our journey through life. Our family, friends, love and faith. A special thanks to the people of hospice that help you care for a love one. My wife Betty had A.L.S. for four years before I lost her. I was able to care for her at the home she was a special lady. My poetry got me through this sad time.