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The abduction of Western citizens by Hizb'Allah was motivated
either by internal organisational requirements or in alignment with
Syrian and Iranian interests, and mechanisms for the resolution of
the hostage-crisis were subject to continuous interaction between
Hizb'Allah, Iran, and Syria influenced by internal Lebanese,
regional, and international events. The Western responses to the
hostage-crisis showed limited effectiveness as the crisis
management techniques were poorly adjusted in timing and direction
to the actual crisis environment. With the exception of the French
response, the overall employment of Western crisis management
techniques showed disregard for the opportunities and constraints
in the fluctuating relationship between Syria and Iran as well as
the political environment within Lebanon which the Hizb'allah
operates and exists. This was clear by their failure to rely on
either Iran or Syria as the only channel in negotiations over
hostages without regard to their individual ability to exert its
influence over the Lebanese movement in accordance with shifts in
their ties to Hizb'allah's command leadership between 1987-1991 and
to the status of the Iranian-Syrian re
The abduction of Western citizens by Hizb'Allah was motivated
either by internal organisational requirements or in alignment with
Syrian and Iranian interests, and mechanisms for the resolution of
the hostage-crisis were subject to continuous interaction between
Hizb'Allah, Iran, and Syria influenced by internal Lebanese,
regional, and international events. The Western responses to the
hostage-crisis showed limited effectiveness as the crisis
management techniques were poorly adjusted in timing and direction
to the actual crisis environment. With the exception of the French
response, the overall employment of Western crisis management
techniques showed disregard for the opportunities and constraints
in the fluctuating relationship between Syria and Iran as well as
the political environment within Lebanon which the Hizb'allah
operates and exists. This was clear by their failure to rely on
either Iran or Syria as the only channel in negotiations over
hostages without regard to their individual ability to exert its
influence over the Lebanese movement in accordance with shifts in
their ties to Hizb'allah's command leadership between 1987-1991 and
to the status of the Iranian-Syrian relationship over time, as
displayed by the friction between 1986-92. This study provides a
new approach in the study of terrorism by merging a case-study of
the dynamics of the Lebanese hostage-crisis with an evaluation of
Western responses through crisis management techniques in order to
more closely resolve the dilemma of the fulfilment of these states'
duty to protect their citizens taken hostage abroad, without major
sacrifices in the conduct of foreign policy.
The abduction of Western citizens by Hizb'Allah was motivated
either by internal organisational requirements or in alignment with
Syrian and Iranian interests, and mechanisms for the resolution of
the hostage-crisis were subject to continuous interaction between
Hizb'Allah, Iran, and Syria influenced by internal Lebanese,
regional, and international events. The Western responses to the
hostage-crisis showed limited effectiveness as the crisis
management techniques were poorly adjusted in timing and direction
to the actual crisis environment. With the exception of the French
response, the overall employment of Western crisis management
techniques showed disregard for the opportunities and constraints
in the fluctuating relationship between Syria and Iran as well as
the political environment within Lebanon which the Hizb'allah
operates and exists. This was clear by their failure to rely on
either Iran or Syria as the only channel in negotiations over
hostages without regard to their individual ability to exert its
influence over the Lebanese movement in accordance with shifts in
their ties to Hizb'allah's command leadership between 1987-1991 and
to the status of the Iranian-Syrian relationship over time, as
displayed by the friction between 1986-92. This study provides a
new approach in the study of terrorism by merging a case-study of
the dynamics of the Lebanese hostage-crisis with an evaluation of
Western responses through crisis management techniques in order to
more closely resolve the dilemma of the fulfilment of these states'
duty to protect their citizens taken hostage abroad, without major
sacrifices in the conduct of foreign policy.
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