This book reprints Human Guinea Pigs, by Kenneth Mellanby, a seminal work in the history of medical ethics and human subject research that has been nearly unavailable for over 40 years. Detailing the use of World War II conscientious objectors who volunteered for experimentation on scabies transmission, Mellanby's book offers insight into one approach to human subject experimentation before the development of ethical oversight regulations. His work was initially published prior to the articulation of the Nuremberg Code, which makes his subsequent position as a reporter for the British Medical Journal at the Nuremberg Trials very interesting, particularly given his sometimes controversial opinions on Nazi medical experimentation. This book reprints the second edition together with commentary essays that situate Mellanby's ethical approach in historical context and relative to contemporary approaches. This volume is of particular interest to scholars of the history of human subject research.

This volume brings together a set of critical essays on the thought of Professor Doctor H. Tristram Engelhardt Junior, Co-Founding Editor of the Philosophy and Medicine book series. Amongst the founders of bioethics, Professor Engelhardt, Jr. looms large. Many of his books and articles have appeared in multiple languages, including Italian, Romanian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Chinese. The essays in this book focus critically on a wide swath of his work, in the process elucidating, critiquing, and/or commending the rigor and reach of his thought. This volume compasses analyses of many different aspects of Engelhardt's work, including social and political philosophy, biopolitics, the philosophy of medicine, and bioethics. It brings together internationally known scholars to assess key elements of Engelhardt's work.

This volume brings together a set of critical essays on the thought of Professor Doctor H. Tristram Engelhardt Junior, Co-Founding Editor of the Philosophy and Medicine book series. Amongst the founders of bioethics, Professor Engelhardt, Jr. looms large. Many of his books and articles have appeared in multiple languages, including Italian, Romanian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Chinese. The essays in this book focus critically on a wide swath of his work, in the process elucidating, critiquing, and/or commending the rigor and reach of his thought. This volume compasses analyses of many different aspects of Engelhardt's work, including social and political philosophy, biopolitics, the philosophy of medicine, and bioethics. It brings together internationally known scholars to assess key elements of Engelhardt's work.

Monitoring of Cerebral and Spinal Haemodynamics During Neurosurgery is a comprehensive description of subdural monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) during neurosurgery. It offers thorough analysis of a comprehensive database consisting of measurements of ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure and other relevant physiological data from more than 1,800 patients subjected to intracranial surgery at Aarhus University Hospital. Features of anaesthesia, both inhalation and total intravenous, are discussed, and measures to reduce ICP are described. A majority of the patients had supratentorial tumours, but the database also includes patients with infratentorial tumours and patients with no intracranial space-occupying lesions. A chapter is reserved for discussion of the special features of children with cerebral tumours.

Monitoring of Cerebral and Spinal Haemodynamics During Neurosurgery is a comprehensive description of subdural monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) during neurosurgery. It offers thorough analysis of a comprehensive database consisting of measurements of ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure and other relevant physiological data from more than 1,800 patients subjected to intracranial surgery at Aarhus University Hospital. Features of anaesthesia, both inhalation and total intravenous, are discussed, and measures to reduce ICP are described. A majority of the patients had supratentorial tumours, but the database also includes patients with infratentorial tumours and patients with no intracranial space-occupying lesions. A chapter is reserved for discussion of the special features of children with cerebral tumours.

These cutting-edge international essays challenge dominant narratives of queer youth predicated on oppression and victimization. As school systems address the emergence of Gay-Straight Alliances and calls to provide equal educational access, researchers, educators and youth workers are paying increasing attention to sexuality, gender and schooling. Yet present discourses are limited to liberal understandings of tolerance, safety, and equity that are defined by a separation of "queer" and "normal." This text documents and offers radical interpretations of the creativity of queer youth in challenging existing practices. Interdisciplinary analyses offer multiple vantage points for reconceptualizing adolescent sexual subjectivities and institutional and cultural practices.

These cutting-edge international essays challenge dominant narratives of queer youth predicated on oppression and victimization. As school systems address the emergence of Gay-Straight Alliances and calls to provide equal educational access, researchers, educators and youth workers are paying increasing attention to sexuality, gender and schooling. Yet present discourses are limited to liberal understandings of tolerance, safety, and equity that are defined by a separation of "queer" and "normal." This text documents and offers radical interpretations of the creativity of queer youth in challenging existing practices. Interdisciplinary analyses offer multiple vantage points for reconceptualizing adolescent sexual subjectivities and institutional and cultural practices.

After theory and the new historicism, what might a self-conscious turn to formal analysis in Renaissance literary studies look like today? The essays address this question from a variety of critical perspectives, embodying a renewed engagement with questions of form.

After theory and the new historicism, what might a self-conscious turn to formal analysis in Renaissance literary studies look like today? The essays address this question from a variety of critical perspectives, embodying a renewed engagement with questions of form.

Targeted towards institutional asset managers in general and chief investment officers, portfolio managers and risk managers in particular, this practical book serves as a comprehensive guide to quantitative portfolio optimization, asset allocation and risk management. Providing an accessible yet rigorous approach to investment management, it gradually introduces ever more advanced quantitative tools for these areas. Using extensive examples, this book guides the reader from basic return and risk analysis, all the way through to portfolio optimization and risk characterization, and finally on to fully fledged quantitative asset allocation and risk management. It employs such tools as enhanced modern portfolio theory using Monte Carlo simulation and advanced return distribution analysis, analysis of marginal contributions to absolute and active portfolio risk, Value-at-Risk and Extreme Value Theory. All this is performed within the same conceptual, theoretical and empirical framework, providing a self-contained, comprehensive reading experience with a strongly practical aim.

This practical book serves as a comprehensive guide to quantitative portfolio optimization, asset allocation, and risk management. Providing an accessible yet rigorous approach to investment management, it gradually introduces ever more advanced quantitative tools for these areas. Using extensive examples, this book guides the reader from basic return and risk analysis, all the way through to portfolio optimization and risk characterization, and finally on to fully fledged quantitative asset allocation and risk management. It employs such tools as enhanced modern portfolio theory using Monte Carlo simulation and advanced return distribution analysis, analysis of marginal contributions to absolute and active portfolio risk, Value-at-Risk and Extreme Value Theory.

For the past four or five years much of my thinking has centered up on the relationship of symbolic forms to philosophic imagination, and interpretation. As one whose own philosophic speculations began at. the end of a cultural epoch under methodologies dominated either by neo-Kantianism or schools of logical empiricism the symbol as a prod uct of a cultural imagination has been diminished; it has been neces sary for those who wanted to preserve the symbol to find appropriate philosophical methodologies to do so. In the following chapters we shall attempt to show, through a consideration of a series of recent interpretations of the symbol, as well as through constructive argu ment, that the symbol ought to be considered as a linguistic form in the sense that it constitutes a special language with its own rubrics and properties. There are two special considerations to be taken ac count of in this argument; first, the definition of the symbol, and sec ond, the interpretation of the symbol. Although we shall refrain from defining the symbol explicitly at this point let it suffice to state that our definition of the symbol is more aesthetic than logical (in the technical sense of formal logic), more cultural than individual, more imaginative than scientific. The symbol in our view is somewhere at the center of culture, the well-spring which testifies to the human imagination in its poetic, . psychic, religious, social and political forms."

This book will attempt to achieve a constructive and positive correla tion between mythic-symbolic language and philosophical anthropolo gy. It is intended as a reflection on the philosophical accomplishment of Paul Ricoeur. The term mythic-symbolic language in this context means the language of the multivalent symbol given in the myth with its psychological and poetic counterparts. The term symbol is not con ceived as an abstract sign as it is used in symbolic logic, but rather as a concrete phenomenon - religious, psychological, and poetic. The task inherent in this correlation is monumental when one considers the dual dilemma of problematic and possibility which is at its heart. The prob lematic arises out of the apparent difficulty presented by the so-called challenge of modernity which seems to require the elimination of my thic-symbolic language as an intelligible mode of communication. Mythic-symbolic language is sometimes eliminated because in a world molded by abstract conceptualizations conceptUalizations of science, such a language is thought to be unintelligible. The claim is that its "primitive" explana tions have been transcended by our modernity. Others believe that the problem of mythic-symbolic language is the problem of the myth. If the mythic forms of language could be eliminated, the truth of such language could be preserved through its translation into an intelligible mode of discourse. The problematic is heightened further by the relation of consider ations of language to philosophical anthropology."

This book will attempt to achieve a constructive and positive correla tion between mythic-symbolic language and philosophical anthropolo gy. It is intended as a reflection on the philosophical accomplishment of Paul Ricoeur. The term mythic-symbolic language in this context means the language of the multivalent symbol given in the myth with its psychological and poetic counterparts. The term symbol is not con ceived as an abstract sign as it is used in symbolic logic, but rather as a concrete phenomenon - religious, psychological, and poetic. The task inherent in this correlation is monumental when one considers the dual dilemma of problematic and possibility which is at its heart. The prob lematic arises out of the apparent difficulty presented by the so-called challenge of modernity which seems to require the elimination of my thic-symbolic language as an intelligible mode of communication. Mythic-symbolic language is sometimes eliminated because in a world molded by abstract conceptualizations of science, such a language is thought to be unintelligible. The claim is that its "primitive" explana tions have been transcended by our modernity. Others believe that the problem of mythic-symbolic language is the problem of the myth. If the mythic forms of language could be eliminated, the truth of such language could be preserved through its translation into an intelligible mode of discourse. The problematic is heightened further by the relation of consider ations of language to philosophical anthropology. Any consideration of language involves a related view of the nature of man."

Generals Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee are two of the most important, and heavily published about, figures in nineteenth-century American history, but despite the enormous amount of published material on the Civil War, including individual biographies of Lee and Grant, there is almost nothing that has been published which looks at these two figures together and which compares them over an extended period of time. This new, fully illustrated book is the first to provide a major re-assessment of their lives, careers and historical impact. This illustrated volume contains over 270 images, pictorial representations of both men, as well as photographs and engravings, and images from popular culture. Leading authors William Rasmussen and Robert Tilton cover both these major figures' lives, from their early education and military training at West Point, through the Civil War and its immediate aftermath, to their retirement.

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) began 40 years ago as a pilot program and has since grown to serve over 8 million pregnant women, and mothers of and their infants and young children. Today the program serves more than a quarter of the pregnant women and half of the infants in the United States, at an annual cost of about $6.2 billion. Through its contribution to the nutritional needs of pregnant, breastfeeding, and post-partum women; infants; and children under 5 years of age; this federally supported nutrition assistance program is integral to meeting national nutrition policy goals for a significant portion of the U.S. population. To assure the continued success of the WIC, Congress mandated that the Food and Nutrition Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reevaluate the program's food packages every 10 years. In 2014, the USDA asked the Institute of Medicine to undertake this reevaluation to ensure continued alignment with the goals of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This, the second report of this series, provides a summary of the work of phase I of the study, and serves as the analytical underpinning for phase II in which the committee will report its final conclusions and recommendations. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction and Background 2 The WIC Participant Experience 3 Approach to the Task 4 Nutrient Intakes of WIC-Eligible Populations 5 Food Intake of WIC-Eligible Populations 6 Nutrition-Related Health Risks in the WIC Population 7 Promotion, Motivation, and Support of Breastfeeding with the WIC Food Packages 8 Meeting Diverse Dietary Needs and Preferences: Considerations for the WIC Food Packages 9 Background and Approach to Considering Food Package Options 10 Food Expenditure Analysis 11 Findings and Conclusions Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix B: Glossary Appendix C: Comparison of Institute of Medicine 2006 Recommendations and Regulatory Implementation Appendix D: Composition of the WIC Food Packages Appendix E: The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food and Nutrition Service Funded Studies Describing the Effect of the 2009 WIC Food Package Changes Appendix F: Changes in the WIC Food Packages and Program Participation: Methods Appendix G: Literature Findings on Barriers and Incentives to WIC Participation and Redemption Appendix H: Workshop Agendas Appendix I: Evidence Review Strategy Appendix J: Dietary Reference Intake Values and Nutrients and Foods Analyzed Appendix K: Diet Quality Indexes Appendix L: Household Food Expenditure Analysis Appendix M: Regulatory Impact Analysis Approach Appendix N: Committee Perceptions of the WIC Experience Appendix O: Summary Results from the Diet Quality of American Young Children by WIC Participation Status Appendix P: Nutrient Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations Appendix Q: Food Intake of WIC and WIC-Eligible Populations Appendix R: Summary of National Dataset Characteristics Applied in the Evaluation of Health Risks Appendix S: Breastfeeding Literature Findings Appendix T: Chronology of Statutes Pertaining to the Definition of WIC Supplemental Foods Appendix U: Committee Biosketches

Review of WIC Food Packages: An Evaluation of White Potatoes in the Cash Value Voucher assesses the impact of 2009 regulation to allow the purchase of vegetables and fruits, excluding white potatoes, with a cash value voucher on food and nutrient intakes of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) population and to consider whether white potatoes should be permitted for purchase with the voucher. This report considers the effects on diet quality, the health and cultural needs of the WIC population, and allows for effective and efficient administration nationwide in a cost-effective manner. Review of WIC Food Packages: An Evaluation of White Potatoes in the Cash Value Voucher recommends that the U.S. Department of Agriculture should allow white potatoes as a WIC-eligible vegetable, in forms currently permitted for other vegetables, in the cash value voucher pending changes to starchy vegetable intake recommendations in the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary Letter Report Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations Appendix B: Statement of Task Appendix C: Workshop Agendas Appendix D: Literature Search Strategy Appendix E: Dietary Reference Intakes Appendix F: Description of Sensitivity Analysis Scenarios Appendix G: Food Group and Subgroup Intakes Appendix H: Nutrient Intakes Appendix I: Nutrient Profiles Appendix J: Food Group Distributions Appendix K: Healthy Eating Index 2010 Assessment Appendix L: Background Example Data for Sensitivity Analysis Appendix M: Committee Biosketches

This midcourse report provides an initial assessment of how the process used to develop the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 (DGA) compares to the recommendations in the 2017 National Academies report on redesigning the process for establishing the DGA. It also assesses the criteria and processes for including the scientific studies used to develop the guidelines. The scope of this study was to address the process and not the content of the guidelines. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Methodological Approach to the Task 3 Analysis of the Scientific Methodologies, Review Protocols, and Evaluation Processes of the Dietary Guidelines 4 Analysis of the Scientific Studies Used to Develop the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 5 Concluding Remarks Appendix A: Committee Member Biographies Appendix B: Open Session Agendas and Comments Appendix C: Systematic Review Matrix Summary Appendix D: Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee/Dietary Guidelines for Americans Recommendation Comparison Table Appendix E: Summary of Selected Systematic Review Practices Appendix F: Selected Systematic Review Methodologies 2015 Versus 2020 Appendix G: Systematic Review Questions Addressing Diet-Related Metabolic Diseases Appendix H: Updated Systematic Reviews

In response to a request from Congress, the Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conducted a study comparing the process to develop the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 (DGA 2020-2025) to recommendations included in the previously published National Academies report, Redesigning the Process for Establishing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This report describes the findings of the committee and conclusions related to this assessment. Notably, this report does not evaluate the merits of the DGA 2020-2025 but evaluates the process by which they were created relative to the recommendations made in the previously published National Academies report. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 The Process to Create the Dietary Guidelines for Americans is Both Complicated and Complex: Background and Context for Task 3 3 Methodological Approach to the Task 4 Assessing the Potential Implications of Fully Implementing the 2017 Recommendations to Redesign the Process to Establish the Dietary Guidelines for Americans: Committee Findings and Conclusions 5 Concluding Remarks Appendix A: Committee Member Biographies Appendix B: Elements of the 20202025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Process Appendix C: Data Sources Used by the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Appendix D: Open Session Materials

TWO HUNDRED YEARS after Henry "Lighthorse Harry" Lee's funeral oration for George Washington, the eloquence of his words "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen" has caused most Americans to forget the clause that followed in which Lee located Washington's character firmly in his private life. George Washington: The Man behind the Myths redresses this historical imbalance in our image of Washington by examining our conceptions and misconceptions about him through a fascinating collection of documents and images.

Washington's own accounts, observations by his contemporaries, narratives by the first generation of Washington biographers, decorative objects, and visual images, which were assembled for a major exhibition sponsored by the Virginia Historical Society, the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, and Washington and Lee University, invite a fresh evaluation of Washington. William M. S. Rasmussen and Robert S. Tilton trace the ways in which Washington's origins in the peculiar colonial society of Virginia prepared him for success on the national stage. Chronologically arranged chapters examine Washington's early exposure to the wealthy Fairfax family, his command of the Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War and later the Continental Army, his decision to attend the Constitutional Convention, and his two elections to the presidency. Rasmussen and Tilton argue that the major transitions we see in Washington's public image were made possible by the stability of his private life and his love of Mount Vernon.

The image of Washington created by antebellum writers and artists after his death was intended to capture what he signified to the fledgling republic. This myth has survived largely because of its usefulness to our national culture. George Washington: The Man behind the Myths takes a crucial step in restoring our understanding of Washington as he actually was.

As women of childbearing age have become heavier, the trade-off between maternal and child health created by variation in gestational weight gain has become more difficult to reconcile. Weight Gain During Pregnancy responds to the need for a reexamination of the 1990 Institute of Medicine guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy. It builds on the conceptual framework that underscored the 1990 weight gain guidelines and addresses the need to update them through a comprehensive review of the literature and independent analyses of existing databases. The book explores relationships between weight gain during pregnancy and a variety of factors (e.g., the mother's weight and height before pregnancy) and places this in the context of the health of the infant and the mother, presenting specific, updated target ranges for weight gain during pregnancy and guidelines for proper measurement. New features of this book include a specific range of recommended gain for obese women. Weight Gain During Pregnancy is intended to assist practitioners who care for women of childbearing age, policy makers, educators, researchers, and the pregnant women themselves to understand the role of gestational weight gain and to provide them with the tools needed to promote optimal pregnancy outcomes. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 Setting the Stage for Revising Pregnancy Weight Guidelines: Conceptual Framework 2 Descriptive Epidemiology and Trends 3 Composition and Components of Gestational Weight Gain: Physiology and Metabolism 4 Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain 5 Consequences of Gestational Weight Gain for the Mother 6 Consequences of Gestational Weight Gain for the Child 7 Determining Optimal Weight Gain 8 Approaches to Achieving Recommended Gestational Weight Gain 9 Open Session and Workshop Agendas 10 Committee Member Biographical Sketches Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations, Glossary, and Supplemental Information Appendix B: Supplementary Information on Nutritional Intake Appendix C: Supplementary Information on Composition and Components of Gestational Weight Gain Appendix D: Summary of Determinants of Gestational Weight Gain Appendix E: Results from the Evidence-Based Report on Outcomes of Maternal Weight Gain Appendix F: Data Tables Appendix G: Consultant Reports Index