Traditionally, Historical Archaeology has had a North American or European stance, focusing on the interplay between historical documents and the archaeological record. For Africa, with its non-traditional historical sources, this interplay is not as applicable. These sources also inform the period of contact with Europeans, during which the shape of the modern continent was inexorably defined. By focusing on such sources, it becomes possible to present historical understandings which access African experiences with outsiders and other African populations.

This volume explores the range of interactions between the historical sources and archaeology that are available on the African continent. The contributions, written by a range of experts on different aspects of African archaeology, present the underlying issues such as:
- The conflict and collaboration in the foundation of modern Africa;
- African trading communities maintaining their independence from Europe;
- The impacts of the Atlantic slave trade.

This represents the first consideration of historical archaeology over the African continent as a whole and therefore provides an important review for African archaeologists and historians. This seminal volume also explores Africa's place in global systems of thought and economic development for historical archaeologists and historians alike.

Persian folklore has been handed down from generation to generation for centuries in an effort to understand the past and pass on valuable lessons. Mehry M. Reid remembers sitting next to her grandmother, as she relayed captivating stories adapted to express her own feelings, hopes, and desires. These stories, which her grandmother first heard from her own mother and grandmother, began Reid's fascination with the Persian legends and folktales that she has selected and reinterpreted in "Persian Legends." As Reid transports readers of all ages on an unforgettable journey through ancient Persia, she highlights an eclectic group of characters comprised of people, animals, and objects that trace historical events, share legends most favored in Persian culture, and offer tales that convey their meanings in simple, often humorous ways. Take a walk with Princess Mina in the rose garden; listen to the king's storyteller; travel to the mountain of the forty virgins; discover the charm of the red diamond; and go to the crystal cave and drink from the wish fountain. "Persian Legends: A Book of 101 Stories" shares a memorable collection of legends and tales that provides a glimpse into Persian history, helps others appreciate ancient tales, and most importantly, preserves the legacy of folk literature for future generations.

Wholeheartedly recommended to every student and user of mathematics, this is an extremely original and highly informative essay on algebra and its place in modern mathematics and science. From the fields studied in every university maths course, through Lie groups to cohomology and category theory, the author shows how the origins of each concept can be related to attempts to model phenomena in physics or in other branches of mathematics. Required reading for mathematicians, from beginners to experts.

This work is a cross-sectional analysis of school disturbance as it has evolved from the inception of schools in colonial America. In their introduction, the authors provide a general overview of American school disturbance, the extent of their disturbances, and possible causes. They then examine the topic in detail, with chapters on disturbances in the Colonial period, the Early National period, the Common School period, the Progressive period, and the Kaleidoscopic period. By examining how school disturbances relate to social and educational developments, Crews and Counts provide a valuable research and teaching tool for courses in criminal justice foundations, juvenile issues, and educational foundations.

R. P. PHARIS and D. M. REID The idea of a separate Encydopedia volume dealing with the "interrelations of plant hormones with factors in the environment of the plant, and its organs and tissues" originated with N. P. KEFFORD, and we are most appreciative of the help and advice provided by Prof. KEFFORD in the formative stages of this volume. We have thus interpreted "environment" very broadly to indude not only factors external to the plant, e. g. , gravity, light, temperature, wind, mechanieal wounding, water, organism s (induding pollen), and magnetic and electric stimuli, but internaI factors as well (e. g. , nutrients, both inorganic and photoassimilate, direction, and time). In our definition of "hormonaI effect", or "hormonaI involvement", we have asked our authors to take a broad ap proach, and to examine not only phenomena that are mediated by the known plant hormones, but to discuss as well a wide variety of processes and events where hormonal involvement is implied through more indirect analyses and observations. The volume begins with environmental factors internaI to the plant; R. J. WEAVER and J. O. JOHNSON thus examine "hormones and nutrients", their inter relationship in movement, accumulation, and diversion. As one studies a plant during its rapid growth phase, and later as maturation and aging proceed, it becomes apparent that time is an environmental cue of great significance, one which may exert a major influence via hormonal messages.

Designed to be a practical handbook on clinical trial management in these key therapeutic areas, 'Clinical Trials in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis' is aimed at principal investigators pharmaceutical physicians and other pharmaceutical staff involved in the design, conduct and monitoring of these increasingly complex diseases. In the last several years a new classes of biologic agents have emerged and changed the treatment paradigm for patients, not only with classically defined rheumatoid arthritis, but also with other related diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. Furthermore, osteoarthritis is a major disease state that is often treated by the rheumatologist, but is one where patient management programs are currently limited with a need for new therapeutic approaches. In both inflammatory and non-inflammatory arthritic conditions, clinical trials have become both large and complex due to the nature of the diseases, with ever-challenging new surrogate end-points being employed. Topics covered in this title will therefore include study design, clinical endpoints, technical issues, data collection, use of centralized medical image reading facilities and biochemical marker laboratories, as well as data analysis and future therapies. This book takes the user through the process step-by-step from start to finish, also providing a background on the regulatory guidelines, ethical implications, endpoints, and current therapies.

Traditionally, Historical Archaeology has had a North American or European stance, focusing on the interplay between historical documents and the archaeological record. For Africa, with its non-traditional historical sources, this interplay is not as applicable. These sources also inform the period of contact with Europeans, during which the shape of the modern continent was inexorably defined. By focusing on such sources, it becomes possible to present historical understandings which access African experiences with outsiders and other African populations. This volume explores the range of interactions between the historical sources and archaeology that are available on the African continent. The contributions, written by a range of experts on different aspects of African archaeology, present the underlying issues such as: The conflict and collaboration in the foundation of modern Africa; African trading communities maintaining their independence from Europe; The impacts of the Atlantic slave trade. over the African continent as a whole and therefore provides an important review for African archaeologists and historians. This seminal volume also explores Africa's place in global systems of thought and economic development for historical archaeologists and historians alike.

This book is devoted to the theory of geometries which are locally Euclidean, in the sense that in small regions they are identical to the geometry of the Euclidean plane or Euclidean 3-space. Starting from the simplest examples, we proceed to develop a general theory of such geometries, based on their relation with discrete groups of motions of the Euclidean plane or 3-space; we also consider the relation between discrete groups of motions and crystallography. The description of locally Euclidean geometries of one type shows that these geometries are themselves naturally represented as the points of a new geometry. The systematic study of this new geometry leads us to 2-dimensional Lobachevsky geometry (also called non-Euclidean or hyperbolic geometry) which, following the logic of our study, is constructed starting from the properties of its group of motions. Thus in this book we would like to introduce the reader to a theory of geometries which are different from the usual Euclidean geometry of the plane and 3-space, in terms of examples which are accessible to a concrete and intuitive study. The basic method of study is the use of groups of motions, both discrete groups and the groups of motions of geometries. The book does not presuppose on the part of the reader any preliminary knowledge outside the limits of a school geometry course.

Wholeheartedly recommended to every student and user of mathematics, this is an extremely original and highly informative essay on algebra and its place in modern mathematics and science. From the fields studied in every university maths course, through Lie groups to cohomology and category theory, the author shows how the origins of each concept can be related to attempts to model phenomena in physics or in other branches of mathematics. Required reading for mathematicians, from beginners to experts.

Osteoporosis affects an estimated 3 million people in the UK. The condition causes the bones to become more fragile and therefore more prone to fractures, along with pain, a loss of movement, and an inability to perform daily tasks. One in two women and one in five men in the UK will suffer a fracture after the age of 50.
Aimed at patients and carers, this book covers topics such as who is affected, what the risk factors are, and how patients can prevent or lessen the efefcts. The book looks forward to advances in diagnosis and treatment and how they have improved health outcomes of patients. Written by a leading osteoporosis specialist and Scientific Advisory Committee Member of the National Osteoporosis Society, this addition to the Facts series is a comprehensive guide to understanding and coping with this debilitating disease.

When Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, he also authorized the army to recruit black soldiers. Nearly 200,000 men answered the call. Several thousand came from Canada. What compelled these men to leave the relative comfort and safety of home to fight in a foreign war? In African Canadians in Union Blue, Richard Reid sets out in search of an answer and discovers a group of men whose courage and contributions open a window on the changing nature of the Civil War and the ties that held black communities together even as the borders around them shifted and were torn asunder.

This book is the outcome of the 1996 Warwick Algebraic Geometry EuroConference, containing seventeen survey and research articles selected from the most outstanding contemporary research topics in algebraic geometry. Several of the articles are expository: among these a beautiful short exposition by Paranjape of the new and very simple approach to the resolution of singularities; a detailed essay by Ito and Nakamura on the ubiquitous A, D, E classification, centered around simple surface singularities; a discussion by Morrison of the new special Lagrangian approach to giving geometric foundations to mirror symmetry; and two deep, informative surveys by Siebert and Behrend on Gromow-Witten invariants, treating them from the point of view of algebraic and symplectic geometry. The remaining articles cover a wide cross section of the most significant research topics in algebraic geometry. This includes Gromow-Witten invariants, Hodge theory, Calabi-Yau 3-folds, mirror symmetry and classification of varieties.