This volume is intended to expand the dialogue and interest among both practitioners and academicians in a problem area worthy of attention by all. The concept of disaggregation admits to our current inability to solve many types of interrelated hierarchical problems simultaneously. It offers instead a sequential, iterative process as a workable and necessary procedure. The papers in this volume are selected from those presented at a Disaggregation Conference held in March, 1977 at The Ohio State University. We heartily applaud all those who participated in the conference and particularly appreci ate the cooperation of those authors whose work is published in this collection. Part A contains four papers which define the various dimensions of disaggregation. The paper by Martin Starr, which was the text of his luncheon address at the conference, provides several interesting perspectives to the problem. Although disaggregation suggests tear ing apart, as Professor Starr illustrates with his butterfly example, it also suggests a putting together or a synthesis which recognizes interrelationships and dependencies. The next paper by Lee Kra jewski and Larry Ritzman offers a general model of disaggregation for both the manufacturing and service sectors. After reading the papers in this section, as well as the papers in subsequent sections, you will identify other dimensions to hierarchical decision making which go beyond this generalized model."

This book is about the ways in which two western European countries attempt to cope with the changing demands of urban development. In particular, it is con cerned with the differences in approach of the Dutch and English planning systems and the contrasting ways in which they are used to guide, promote and control development. The book results from a research study in which members of staff at Delft of Technology and Oxford Polytechnic compared local planning and University development in the Netherlands and England. The aim was to investigate ways in which development was promoted and controlled under different planning systems. The research was subsequently developed along two converging lines. One was an examination of over twenty case studies of plan making and the con trol of development in the cities of Leiden and Oxford. The other was a study of the two planning systems and the ways in which the respective approaches to planning were seen to relate closely to the contrasting legal and administrative systems and differences in development practice. The convergence of the two lines of enquiry produced a tension between empirical observations and theoretical supposition which led to a fruitful development of ideas about the nature of the two planning systems and how they promote and control develop ment."

On 1 May 1967 Dr. J elle Zijlstra was appointed President of De Nederlandsche Bank, after an already eventful career. Following a brief spell as Professor of Economics at the Free University of Amsterdam, he began a lengthy period of ministerial service in 1952. During his cabinet years, he devised a concept which became known in the Netherlands as the' Zijl- stra norm', and which was aImed at keeping the Government's financial deficit in check. He concluded his active political career .as prime minister in 1966-1967. Dr. Zijlstra's career as a politician and central banker covered a period of nearly 30 years during which the economic scene in the N ether- lands and in the world underwent wide cyclical ups and downs and impor- tant changes of a more long-lasting nature. Successful economic recovery after the Second World War was followed by a period of rapid and rela- tively stable economic growth. However, as early as the 1960s the condi- tions for the maintenance of equilibrated expansion became less secure. These conditions were further impaired in the 1970s partly as a result of important shocks, such as the oil crises.

TO APPLIED GEOPHYSICS STANIS LAY MARE~, et al. Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B. V. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Mares, Stanislav Introduction to applied geophysics Translation of Uvod do uzite geofyziky Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Geophysics. 2. Prospecting-Geophysical methods. I. Title QC802. A1M3713 1984 551 84-4753 ISBN 978-90-481-8374-6 ISBN 978-94-015-7684-0 (eBook) DOI 10. 1007/978-94-015-7684-0 AII Rights Reserved (c) 1984 by Stanislav Mard et al. Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1984 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1984 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner CONTENTS XI INTRODUCTION LIST OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS AND UNITS USED XIII CHAPTER I. GRAVIMETRIC METHODS (S. Hrach) I. I. Physical principles of gravimetric methods- Volume gravitational potential I 1. 2. Gravity field of the Earth 3 1. 3. Anomalies of gravitational acceleration-Gravity anomalies 9 1. 3. 1. Faye anomaly-Free-air anomaly 9 1. 3. 2. Bouguer anomalies 10 1. 3. 3. Isostatic anomaly 14 1. 3. 4. Geological significance of anomalies 17 1. 4. Rock densities 19 1. 4. 1. Natural rock densities 20 1. 4. 2. Rock density determination 22 1. 4. 3. Determination of density characteristics 25 25 1. 5. Gravity observations 26 1. 5. 1. Instruments for absolute gravity observations 1. 5. 2.

Oatil the early 1970s monetary econometrics was virtually unexplored territory in the Netherlands. The Bank's econometric research, which I have had the privilege to direct since 1971, sought to map this territory gradually and thus to obtain the el ements for building a monetary model for the Netherlands. As regards the research strategy, I opted for the performance of studies on specific aspects. The quarterly model MORKMON presented in this monograph may be regarded as the conclusion of this research programme. When building the model and writing this monograph, I made heavy and unre mitting demands on the staff of the Econometric Research and Special Studies Department. lowe a debt of gratitude to them all. The contributions made by four of them - EA. G. den Butter, A. P. Huijser, P. Kramer and we. Boeschoten - deserve special mention. Summer of 1984 M. M. G. Fase 8 Contents Foreword of the President 5 Preface 7 1 Introductory remarks 11 1. 1 Prolegomena 11 1. 2 Organization 12 2 The relationships in the monetary sector 14 2. 1 Balance sheets 14 2. 1. 1 Private sector 14 2. 1. 2 Money-creating institutions 16 2. 1. 3 Central bank 17 2. 1. 4 Government 17 2. 1. 5 Rest of the world 18 2. 2 Balance sheet constraints 19 2. 3 The monetary model in outline 22 2. 4 The behavioural equations for the monetary sector 25 2. 4."

On 1 May 1967 Dr. J elle Zijlstra was appointed President of De Nederlandsche Bank, after an already eventful career. Following a brief spell as Professor of Economics at the Free University of Amsterdam, he began a lengthy period of ministerial service in 1952. During his cabinet years, he devised a concept which became known in the Netherlands as the' Zijl- stra norm', and which was aImed at keeping the Government's financial deficit in check. He concluded his active political career .as prime minister in 1966-1967. Dr. Zijlstra's career as a politician and central banker covered a period of nearly 30 years during which the economic scene in the N ether- lands and in the world underwent wide cyclical ups and downs and impor- tant changes of a more long-lasting nature. Successful economic recovery after the Second World War was followed by a period of rapid and rela- tively stable economic growth. However, as early as the 1960s the condi- tions for the maintenance of equilibrated expansion became less secure. These conditions were further impaired in the 1970s partly as a result of important shocks, such as the oil crises.

TO APPLIED GEOPHYSICS STANIS LAY MARE~, et al. Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B. V. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Mares, Stanislav Introduction to applied geophysics Translation of Uvod do uzite geofyziky Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Geophysics. 2. Prospecting-Geophysical methods. I. Title QC802. A1M3713 1984 551 84-4753 ISBN 978-90-481-8374-6 ISBN 978-94-015-7684-0 (eBook) DOI 10. 1007/978-94-015-7684-0 AII Rights Reserved (c) 1984 by Stanislav Mard et al. Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1984 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 1984 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner CONTENTS XI INTRODUCTION LIST OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS AND UNITS USED XIII CHAPTER I. GRAVIMETRIC METHODS (S. Hrach) I. I. Physical principles of gravimetric methods- Volume gravitational potential I 1. 2. Gravity field of the Earth 3 1. 3. Anomalies of gravitational acceleration-Gravity anomalies 9 1. 3. 1. Faye anomaly-Free-air anomaly 9 1. 3. 2. Bouguer anomalies 10 1. 3. 3. Isostatic anomaly 14 1. 3. 4. Geological significance of anomalies 17 1. 4. Rock densities 19 1. 4. 1. Natural rock densities 20 1. 4. 2. Rock density determination 22 1. 4. 3. Determination of density characteristics 25 25 1. 5. Gravity observations 26 1. 5. 1. Instruments for absolute gravity observations 1. 5. 2.

This book is about the ways in which two western European countries attempt to cope with the changing demands of urban development. In particular, it is con cerned with the differences in approach of the Dutch and English planning systems and the contrasting ways in which they are used to guide, promote and control development. The book results from a research study in which members of staff at Delft of Technology and Oxford Polytechnic compared local planning and University development in the Netherlands and England. The aim was to investigate ways in which development was promoted and controlled under different planning systems. The research was subsequently developed along two converging lines. One was an examination of over twenty case studies of plan making and the con trol of development in the cities of Leiden and Oxford. The other was a study of the two planning systems and the ways in which the respective approaches to planning were seen to relate closely to the contrasting legal and administrative systems and differences in development practice. The convergence of the two lines of enquiry produced a tension between empirical observations and theoretical supposition which led to a fruitful development of ideas about the nature of the two planning systems and how they promote and control develop ment."

The impressive record of Italian philosophical research since the end of Fascism thirty-two years ago is shown in many fields: esthetics, social and" personal ethics, history and sociology of philosophy, and magnificently, perhaps above all, in logic, foundations of mathematics and the philosophY, methodology, and intellectual history ofthe empirical sciences. To our pleasure, Maria Luisa Dalla Chiara of the University of Florence gladly agreed to assemble a 'sampler' of recent Italian logical and analytical work on the philosophical foundations of mathematics and physics, along with a number of historical studies of epistemological and mathematical concepts. The twenty-five essays that form this volume will, we expect, encourage English-reading philosophers and scientists to seek further works by these authors and by their teachers, colleagues, and students; and, we hope, to look for those other Italian currents of thought in the philosophy of science for which points of departure are not wholly analytic, and which also deserve study and recognition in the world wide philosophical community. Of course, Italy has long been related to that world community in scien titlc matters."

The impressive record of Italian philosophical research since the end of Fascism thirty-two years ago is shown in many fields: esthetics, social and" personal ethics, history and sociology of philosophy, and magnificently, perhaps above all, in logic, foundations of mathematics and the philosophY, methodology, and intellectual history ofthe empirical sciences. To our pleasure, Maria Luisa Dalla Chiara of the University of Florence gladly agreed to assemble a 'sampler' of recent Italian logical and analytical work on the philosophical foundations of mathematics and physics, along with a number of historical studies of epistemological and mathematical concepts. The twenty-five essays that form this volume will, we expect, encourage English-reading philosophers and scientists to seek further works by these authors and by their teachers, colleagues, and students; and, we hope, to look for those other Italian currents of thought in the philosophy of science for which points of departure are not wholly analytic, and which also deserve study and recognition in the world wide philosophical community. Of course, Italy has long been related to that world community in scien titlc matters."