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This series of books, which is published at the rate of about one
per year, addresses fundamental problems in materials science. The
contents cover a broad range of topics from small clusters of atoms
to engineering materials and involve chemistry, physics, and
engineering, with length scales ranging from Angstromsup to
millimeters. The emphasis is on basic science rather than on
applications. Each book focuses on a single area ofcurrent interest
and brings together leading experts to give an up-to-date
discussion of their work and the work ofothers. Each article
contains enough references that the interested reader can
accesstherelevant literature. Thanks aregiven to the Center
forFundamental Materials Research atMichigan State University
forsupportingthis series. M.F. Thorpe, Series Editor E-mail:
[email protected] EastLansing, Michigan, September, 1995 PREFACE
This book records selected papers given at an interdisciplinary
Symposium on Access in Nanoporous Materials held in Lansing,
Michigan, on June 7-9, 1995. Broad interest in the synthesis of
ordered materials with pore sizes in the 1.0-10 nm range was
clearly manifested in the 64 invited and contributed papers
presented by workers in the formal fields of chemistry, physics,
and engineering. The intent of the symposium was to bring together
a small number ofleading researchers within complementary
disciplines to share in the diversity of approaches to nanoporous
materials synthesis and characterization."
Advances in nanoscale science show that the properties of many
materials are dominated by internal structures. In molecular cases,
such as window glass and proteins, these internal structures
obviously have a network character. However, in many partly
disordered electronic materials, almost all attempts at
understanding are based on traditional continuum models. This
workshop focuses first on the phase diagrams and phase transitions
of materials known to be composed of molecular networks. These
phase properties characteristically contain remarkable features,
such as intermediate phases that lead to reversibility windows in
glass transitions as functions of composition. These features arise
as a result of self-organization of the internal structures of the
intermediate phases. In the protein case, this self-organization is
the basis for protein folding. The second focus is on partly
disordered electronic materials whose phase properties exhibit the
same remarkable features. In fact, the phenomenon of High
Temperature Superconductivity, discovered by Bednorz and Mueller in
1986, and now the subject of 75,000 research papers, also arises
from such an intermediate phase. More recently discovered
electronic phenomena, such as giant magnetoresistance, also are
made possible only by the existence of such special phases. This
book gives an overview of the methods and results obtained so far
by studying the characteristics and properties of nanoscale
self-organized networks. It demonstrates the universality of the
network approach over a range of disciplines, from protein folding
to the newest electronic materials.
Although rigidity has been studied since the time of Lagrange
(1788) and Maxwell (1864), it is only in the last twenty-five years
that it has begun to find applications in the basic sciences. The
modern era starts with Laman (1970), who made the subject rigorous
in two dimensions, followed by the development of computer
algorithms that can test over a million sites in seconds and find
the rigid regions, and the associated pivots, leading to many
applications. This workshop was organized to bring together leading
researchers studying the underlying theory, and to explore the
various areas of science where applications of these ideas are
being implemented.
This series of books, which is published at the rate of about one
per year, addresses fundamental problems in materials science. The
contents cover a broad range of topics from small clusters of atoms
to engineering materials and involve chemistry, physics, materials
science, and engineering, with length scales ranging from Angstroms
up to millimeters. The emphasis is on basic science rather than on
applications. Each book focuses on a single area of current
interest and brings together leading experts to give an up-to-date
discussion of their work and the work of others. Each article
contains enough references that the interested reader can access
the relevant literature. Thanks are given to the Center for
Fundamental Materials Research at Michigan State University for
supporting this series. M.F. Thorpe, Series Editor E-mail:
[email protected] East Lansing, Michigan, November 200 I v PREFACE
The study of the atomic structure of crystalline materials began at
the beginning of the twentieth century with the discovery by Max
von Laue and by W.H. and W.L. Bragg that crystals diffract x-rays.
At that time, even the existence of atoms was controversial.
This series of books, which is published at the rate of about one
per year, addresses fundamental problems in materials science. The
contents cover a broad range of topics from small clusters of atoms
to engineering materials and involve chemistry, physics, materials
science and engineering, with length scales ranging from Angstroms
up to millimeters. The emphasis is on basic science rather than on
applications. Each book focuses on a single area of current
interest and brings together leading experts to give an up-to-date
discussion of their work and the work of others. Each article
contains enough references that the interested reader can access
the relevant literature. Thanks are given to the Center for
Fundamental Materials Research at Michigan State University for
supporting this series. M.F. Thorpe, Series Editor E-mail: thorpe @
pa.msu.edu East Lansing, Michigan PREFACE One of the most
challenging problems in the study of structure is to characterize
the atomic short-range order in materials. Long-range order can be
determined with a high degree of accuracy by analyzing Bragg peak
positions and intensities in data from single crystals or powders.
However, information about short-range order is contained in the
diffuse scattering intensity. This is difficult to analyze because
it is low in absolute intensity (though the integrated intensity
may be significant) and widely spread in reciprocal space."
The aim of this NATO ASI has been to present an up-to-date overview
of current areas of interest in amorphous materials. In order to
limit the material to a manageable amount, the meeting was
concerned exclusively with insulating and semiconducting materials.
The lectures and seminars fill the gap between graduate courses and
research seminars. The lecturers and seminar speakers were chosen
as experts in their respective areas and the lectures and seminars
that were given are presented in this volume. During the first week
of the meeting. an emphasis was placed on introductory lectures,
mainly associated with questions relating to the glass-formation
and the structure of glasses. The second week focused more on
research seminars. Each day of the meeting. about four posters were
presented during the coffee breaks, and these formed an important
focus for discussions. The posters are not reproduced in this
volume as the editors wanted to have only larger contributions to
make this volume more coherent. This volume is organized into four
sections, starting with general considerations of the glass forming
ability and techniques for the preparation of different kinds of
glasses.
This series of books, which is published at the rate of about one
per year, addresses fundamental problems in materials science. The
contents cover a broad range of topics from small clusters of atoms
to engineering materials and involve chemistry, physics, materials
science, and engineering, with length scales ranging from Angstroms
up to millimeters. The emphasis is on basic science rather than on
applications. Each book focuses on a single area of current
interest and brings together leading experts to give an up-to-date
discussion of their work and the work of others. Each article
contains enough references that the interested reader can access
the relevant literature. Thanks are given to the Center for
Fundamental Materials Research at Michigan State University for
supporting this series. M.F. Thorpe, Series Editor E-mail:
[email protected] East Lansing, Michigan, November 200 I v PREFACE
The study of the atomic structure of crystalline materials began at
the beginning of the twentieth century with the discovery by Max
von Laue and by W.H. and W.L. Bragg that crystals diffract x-rays.
At that time, even the existence of atoms was controversial.
Advances in nanoscale science show that the properties of many
materials are dominated by internal structures. In molecular cases,
such as window glass and proteins, these internal structures
obviously have a network character. However, in many partly
disordered electronic materials, almost all attempts at
understanding are based on traditional continuum models. This
workshop focuses first on the phase diagrams and phase transitions
of materials known to be composed of molecular networks. These
phase properties characteristically contain remarkable features,
such as intermediate phases that lead to reversibility windows in
glass transitions as functions of composition. These features arise
as a result of self-organization of the internal structures of the
intermediate phases. In the protein case, this self-organization is
the basis for protein folding. The second focus is on partly
disordered electronic materials whose phase properties exhibit the
same remarkable features. In fact, the phenomenon of High
Temperature Superconductivity, discovered by Bednorz and Mueller in
1986, and now the subject of 75,000 research papers, also arises
from such an intermediate phase. More recently discovered
electronic phenomena, such as giant magnetoresistance, also are
made possible only by the existence of such special phases. This
book gives an overview of the methods and results obtained so far
by studying the characteristics and properties of nanoscale
self-organized networks. It demonstrates the universality of the
network approach over a range of disciplines, from protein folding
to the newest electronic materials.
The aim of this NATO ASI has been to present an up-to-date overview
of current areas of interest in amorphous materials, with
particular emphasis on electronic properties and device
applications. In order to limit the material to a manageable
amount, the meeting was concerned almost exclusively with
semiconducting materials. This volume should be regarded as a
follow-on to the NATO ASI held in Sozopol, Bulgaria in 1996 and
published as "Amorphous Insulators and Semiconductors" edited by
M.F. Thorpe and M.1. Mitkova (Kluwer Academic Publishers, NATO ASI
series, 3 High Technology - Vol. 23). The lectures and seminars
fill the gap between graduate courses and research seminars. The
lecturers and seminar speakers were chosen as experts in their
respective areas, and the lectures and seminars that were given are
presented in this volume. During the first week of the meeting, an
emphasis was placed on introductory lectures while the second week
focused more on research seminars. There were two very good poster
sessions that generated a lot of discussion, but these are not
reproduced in this volume as the editors wanted to have only larger
contributions to make the proceedings more coherent.
The aim of this NATO ASI has been to present an up-to-date overview
of current areas of interest in amorphous materials, with
particular emphasis on electronic properties and device
applications. In order to limit the material to a manageable
amount, the meeting was concerned almost exclusively with
semiconducting materials. This volume should be regarded as a
follow-on to the NATO ASI held in Sozopol, Bulgaria in 1996 and
published as "Amorphous Insulators and Semiconductors" edited by
M.F. Thorpe and M.1. Mitkova (Kluwer Academic Publishers, NATO ASI
series, 3 High Technology - Vol. 23). The lectures and seminars
fill the gap between graduate courses and research seminars. The
lecturers and seminar speakers were chosen as experts in their
respective areas, and the lectures and seminars that were given are
presented in this volume. During the first week of the meeting, an
emphasis was placed on introductory lectures while the second week
focused more on research seminars. There were two very good poster
sessions that generated a lot of discussion, but these are not
reproduced in this volume as the editors wanted to have only larger
contributions to make the proceedings more coherent.
Although rigidity has been studied since the time of Lagrange
(1788) and Maxwell (1864), it is only in the last twenty-five years
that it has begun to find applications in the basic sciences. The
modern era starts with Laman (1970), who made the subject rigorous
in two dimensions, followed by the development of computer
algorithms that can test over a million sites in seconds and find
the rigid regions, and the associated pivots, leading to many
applications. This workshop was organized to bring together leading
researchers studying the underlying theory, and to explore the
various areas of science where applications of these ideas are
being implemented.
This series of books, which is published at the rate of about one
per year, addresses fundamental problems in materials science. The
contents cover a broad range of topics from small clusters of atoms
to engineering materials and involve chemistry, physics, materials
science and engineering, with length scales ranging from Angstroms
up to millimeters. The emphasis is on basic science rather than on
applications. Each book focuses on a single area of current
interest and brings together leading experts to give an up-to-date
discussion of their work and the work of others. Each article
contains enough references that the interested reader can access
the relevant literature. Thanks are given to the Center for
Fundamental Materials Research at Michigan State University for
supporting this series. M.F. Thorpe, Series Editor E-mail: thorpe @
pa.msu.edu East Lansing, Michigan PREFACE One of the most
challenging problems in the study of structure is to characterize
the atomic short-range order in materials. Long-range order can be
determined with a high degree of accuracy by analyzing Bragg peak
positions and intensities in data from single crystals or powders.
However, information about short-range order is contained in the
diffuse scattering intensity. This is difficult to analyze because
it is low in absolute intensity (though the integrated intensity
may be significant) and widely spread in reciprocal space."
The aim of this NATO ASI has been to present an up-to-date overview
of current areas of interest in amorphous materials. In order to
limit the material to a manageable amount, the meeting was
concerned exclusively with insulating and semiconducting materials.
The lectures and seminars fill the gap between graduate courses and
research seminars. The lecturers and seminar speakers were chosen
as experts in their respective areas and the lectures and seminars
that were given are presented in this volume. During the first week
of the meeting. an emphasis was placed on introductory lectures,
mainly associated with questions relating to the glass-formation
and the structure of glasses. The second week focused more on
research seminars. Each day of the meeting. about four posters were
presented during the coffee breaks, and these formed an important
focus for discussions. The posters are not reproduced in this
volume as the editors wanted to have only larger contributions to
make this volume more coherent. This volume is organized into four
sections, starting with general considerations of the glass forming
ability and techniques for the preparation of different kinds of
glasses.
The papers in this volume are from the workshop on Protein
Flexibility and Folding held in Traverse City, Michigan from August
13 - 17, 2000. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together
diverse people interested in protein folding and flexibility from
theoretical, computational and experimental perspectives and to
encourage discussion on new approaches and challenges in the field.
The workshop was held in the Park Plaza Hotel with 43 participants,
including 24 invited speakers. The small size of the group made for
easy exchanges, and many of the presentations by the invited
speakers appear in this volume. There was also a very lively poster
session.
The three-day workshop was organized so that the first day covered
Flexibility and Dynamics, the second day Folding and Unfolding, and
the third day Evolution and Design. This area of science is
particularly appealing as it spans a range of questions from very
fundamental - as to how proteins fold in such short times with such
reliability - to applications such as the role of flexibility in
screening for new ligands to a protein. Protein flexibility and
folding have attracted the attention of scientists from many
disciplines, ranging from mathematics to molecular biology. The
scientists at the workshop represented the breadth of challenges in
theory and applications that keep this field so fascinating and
dynamic.
The present volume is organized along these same lines.
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