Oatil the early 1970s monetary econometrics was virtually unexplored territory in the Netherlands. The Bank's econometric research, which I have had the privilege to direct since 1971, sought to map this territory gradually and thus to obtain the el ements for building a monetary model for the Netherlands. As regards the research strategy, I opted for the performance of studies on specific aspects. The quarterly model MORKMON presented in this monograph may be regarded as the conclusion of this research programme. When building the model and writing this monograph, I made heavy and unre mitting demands on the staff of the Econometric Research and Special Studies Department. lowe a debt of gratitude to them all. The contributions made by four of them - EA. G. den Butter, A. P. Huijser, P. Kramer and we. Boeschoten - deserve special mention. Summer of 1984 M. M. G. Fase 8 Contents Foreword of the President 5 Preface 7 1 Introductory remarks 11 1. 1 Prolegomena 11 1. 2 Organization 12 2 The relationships in the monetary sector 14 2. 1 Balance sheets 14 2. 1. 1 Private sector 14 2. 1. 2 Money-creating institutions 16 2. 1. 3 Central bank 17 2. 1. 4 Government 17 2. 1. 5 Rest of the world 18 2. 2 Balance sheet constraints 19 2. 3 The monetary model in outline 22 2. 4 The behavioural equations for the monetary sector 25 2. 4."

This study provides an estimate of the size of the informal economy in the Nether lands in the period 1965-1982. In this study the informal economy has been defined statistically as that part of the non-registered national product which involves monet ary transactions. Bartering activities and transactions outside the market are thus left completely out of consideration. The same is true of those market transactions which, despite their illegal or underground nature, are already included in the national pro duct published by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) because of its measuring methods. According to the CBS (1983a) these transactions account for 5 to 10% of national income. This means that the estimate of the informal economy will be smal ler when the statistical registration is more comprehensive and a wider starting point is chosen than the market. The term underground economy as used in a fiscal context therefore means something else than the statistical term informal economy used in this study I. The phenomenon of the informal economy emanates partly from the usual measuring conventions; at the same time it is also an expression of economic behav iour motivated by economic incentives and conditions which aims to keep such econ omic dealing concealed. This study attempts to quantifY the size of that informal economy partly on the basis of economic behaviour. Observable monetary trans actions were the main starting point."