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Ocean engineering is generally considered to be concerned with
studies on the effects of the ocean on the land and with the
design, construction and operation of vehicles, structures and
systems for use in the ocean or marine environment. The practice of
engineering differs from that of science in both motivations and
objectives. Science seeks understanding of the principles of nature
in terms of generalizations expressed as laws and classifications.
Engineering seeks the application of knowledge of the physical and
natural world to produce a benefit expressed as a device, system,
material, and/or process. From the standpoint of the financial
sponsors of an engineering project, the ideal approach is one of
minimal risk in which only proven knowledge, materials and
procedures are employed. There is frequent departure from this
ideal in anticipation of the increased benefit expected from a
large increase in performance of a structure or device. The process
of acquiring this new capability is engineering research.
Historically, ocean engineering developed with the application of
engineering principles and processes to the design of ships and,
later, to the machinery that propels them. In most societies, naval
architecture and marine engineering are recognised as the origin of
ocean engineering. In fact, the design of a ship constitutes the
original systems engineering programme involving
hydrodynamics/fluid flow, structural design, machinery design,
electrical engineering and so on as well as requiring knowledge of
the ocean environment (waves, corrosion, etc.).
Today western nations consume annually only a small percentage of
their resources from the sea, despite the proclamation of Exclusive
Economic Zones (EEZ) by many. In contrast, most Pacific Basin
Countries obtain more than a quarter of their annual needs from the
ocean. Determination of greater rewards from the development of
marine resources is markedly inhibited by the limited technical
abilities available to locate and assess them. Knowledge of
Exclusive Economic Zone resources is schematic and generalised, and
a detailed understanding of the geology and processes relating to
the economic use of the seafloor is both fragmentary and very
basic. Technology for mapping the mineral resources of continental
shelves and ocean areas, except in active offshore hydrocarbon
provinces, has been largely developed in pursuit of scientific
objectives and competence to rapidly appraise economic potential is
limited. Similarly, the capability to characterise and evaluate the
other resources of the seas is rudimentary. The development of
ocean resources will become increasingly urgent as the growth of
the world population and the depletion of land reserves combine to
enhance demand. Also, increasing environmental constraints will
limit the availability of traditional land-based resources;
nevertheless, new offshore development must proceed in a manner
whereby the marine environment is not plundered but protected and
conserved. The challenge to develop ocean resources with
responsible environmental stewardship will require greater
leadership than the development of the technologies of
exploitation.
single toxicant before it, yet one that has now been brought under
effective control-at least in estuaries and the nearshore
environment. The problem with TBT and its cause was first
recognized in France, then in the United Kingdom and the United
States of America; and in these and other countries legislation is
now in place (see Abel, Chapter 2; Champ and Wade, Chapter 3), but
in many countries the hazard is only now being identified. This
volume has the important function of making available to all a
summary of the results of work on TBT and the main conclusions. It
will help to minimize the duplication of research and speed the
introduction of legislation around the world to control organotin
pollution. It is the more valuable because research on TBT has
often been published in less accessible journals and symposium
proceedings. This volume brings together accounts of these findings
by the major contributors to the TBT story, providing the most
comprehensive account to date. The TBT problem has proved to be
instructive in a number of different ways beyond the bounds of the
specific issue (Stebbing, 1985). Most important is that TBT can be
seen as a challenge to monitoring systems for nearshore waters, by
which it can be judged how effective monitoring has been in
fulfilling its purpose, and what improvements should be made. Most
instructive was the time it took to bring TBT under control.
single toxicant before it, yet one that has now been brought under
effective control-at least in estuaries and the nearshore
environment. The problem with TBT and its cause was first
recognized in France, then in the United Kingdom and the United
States of America; and in these and other countries legislation is
now in place (see Abel, Chapter 2; Champ and Wade, Chapter 3), but
in many countries the hazard is only now being identified. This
volume has the important function of making available to all a
summary of the results of work on TBT and the main conclusions. It
will help to minimize the duplication of research and speed the
introduction of legislation around the world to control organotin
pollution. It is the more valuable because research on TBT has
often been published in less accessible journals and symposium
proceedings. This volume brings together accounts of these findings
by the major contributors to the TBT story, providing the most
comprehensive account to date. The TBT problem has proved to be
instructive in a number of different ways beyond the bounds of the
specific issue (Stebbing, 1985). Most important is that TBT can be
seen as a challenge to monitoring systems for nearshore waters, by
which it can be judged how effective monitoring has been in
fulfilling its purpose, and what improvements should be made. Most
instructive was the time it took to bring TBT under control.
Ocean engineering is generally considered to be concerned with
studies on the effects of the ocean on the land and with the
design, construction and operation of vehicles, structures and
systems for use in the ocean or marine environment. The practice of
engineering differs from that of science in both motivations and
objectives. Science seeks understanding of the principles of nature
in terms of generalizations expressed as laws and classifications.
Engineering seeks the application of knowledge of the physical and
natural world to produce a benefit expressed as a device, system,
material, and/or process. From the standpoint of the financial
sponsors of an engineering project, the ideal approach is one of
minimal risk in which only proven knowledge, materials and
procedures are employed. There is frequent departure from this
ideal in anticipation of the increased benefit expected from a
large increase in performance of a structure or device. The process
of acquiring this new capability is engineering research.
Historically, ocean engineering developed with the application of
engineering principles and processes to the design of ships and,
later, to the machinery that propels them. In most societies, naval
architecture and marine engineering are recognised as the origin of
ocean engineering. In fact, the design of a ship constitutes the
original systems engineering programme involving
hydrodynamics/fluid flow, structural design, machinery design,
electrical engineering and so on as well as requiring knowledge of
the ocean environment (waves, corrosion, etc.).
Today western nations consume annually only a small percentage of
their resources from the sea, despite the proclamation of Exclusive
Economic Zones (EEZ) by many. In contrast, most Pacific Basin
Countries obtain more than a quarter of their annual needs from the
ocean. Determination of greater rewards from the development of
marine resources is markedly inhibited by the limited technical
abilities available to locate and assess them. Knowledge of
Exclusive Economic Zone resources is schematic and generalised, and
a detailed understanding of the geology and processes relating to
the economic use of the seafloor is both fragmentary and very
basic. Technology for mapping the mineral resources of continental
shelves and ocean areas, except in active offshore hydrocarbon
provinces, has been largely developed in pursuit of scientific
objectives and competence to rapidly appraise economic potential is
limited. Similarly, the capability to characterise and evaluate the
other resources of the seas is rudimentary. The development of
ocean resources will become increasingly urgent as the growth of
the world population and the depletion of land reserves combine to
enhance demand. Also, increasing environmental constraints will
limit the availability of traditional land-based resources;
nevertheless, new offshore development must proceed in a manner
whereby the marine environment is not plundered but protected and
conserved. The challenge to develop ocean resources with
responsible environmental stewardship will require greater
leadership than the development of the technologies of
exploitation.
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