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This book examines rural poverty in Bangladesh. Based on detailed
empirical research and surveys of households in Bangladesh, it
provides an accurate portrait of the everyday situations faced by
the rural poor in Bangladesh today, covering all aspects of
household behaviour. All of the key issues are explored, including
health, nutrition, housing conditions, human capital, household
asset and liabilities, gender issues, livelihood strategies,
distribution of household income and expenditure, social capital,
intergenerational mobility of the chronically poor, women's
mobility, shocks and coping strategies, and vulnerability to
poverty. The book focuses in particular on the poorest of the poor
households, the chronically poor, seen by many in the development
community to be the core of the problem of poverty. It shows that
the basic characteristics of the chronically poor households in
rural Bangladesh are: more heavily female-headed households, higher
dependency ratio of children in demographic composition, and
dominated by lower levels of assets, shorter years of schooling and
limited employment opportunity. Throughout, it draws precise
conclusions on the basis of quantitative data, which makes this
book an important resource for policy-makers and development
practitioners, as well as students and researchers.
This book examines rural poverty in Bangladesh. Based on detailed
empirical research and surveys of households in Bangladesh, it
provides an accurate portrait of the everyday situations faced by
the rural poor in Bangladesh today, covering all aspects of
household behaviour. All of the key issues are explored, including
health, nutrition, housing conditions, human capital, household
asset and liabilities, gender issues, livelihood strategies,
distribution of household income and expenditure, social capital,
intergenerational mobility of the chronically poor, women's
mobility, shocks and coping strategies, and vulnerability to
poverty. The book focuses in particular on the poorest of the poor
households, the chronically poor, seen by many in the development
community to be the core of the problem of poverty. It shows that
the basic characteristics of the chronically poor households in
rural Bangladesh are: more heavily female-headed households, higher
dependency ratio of children in demographic composition, and
dominated by lower levels of assets, shorter years of schooling and
limited employment opportunity. Throughout, it draws precise
conclusions on the basis of quantitative data, which makes this
book an important resource for policy-makers and development
practitioners, as well as students and researchers.
The study of poverty dynamics is important for effective poverty
alleviation policies because the changes in income poverty are also
accompanied by changes in socioeconomic factors such as literacy,
gender parity in school, health care, infant mortality, and asset
holdings. In order to examine the dynamics of poverty, information
from 1,212 households in 32 rural villages in Bangladesh was
collected in December 2004 and December 2009. This book reports the
analytical results from quantitative and qualitative surveys from
the same households at two points of time, which yielded the panel
data for understanding the changes in situations of poverty.
Efforts have been made to include the most recent research from
diverse disciplines including economics, statistics, anthropology,
education, health care, and vulnerability study. Specifically,
findings from logistic regression analysis, polychoric principal
component analysis, kernel density function, income mobility with
the help of the Markov chain model, and child nutrition status from
anthropometric measures have been presented. Asset holdings and
liabilities of the chronically poor as well as those of three other
economic groups (the descending non-poor, the ascending poor, and
the non-poor) are analyzed statistically. The degrees of
vulnerability to poverty are examined by years of schooling,
landholding size, gender of household head, social capital, and
occupation. The multiple logistic regression model was used to
identify important risk factors for a household's vulnerability. In
2009, some of the basic characteristics of the chronically poor
were: higher percentage and number of female-headed households,
higher dependency ratio, lower levels of education, fewer years of
schooling, and limited employment. There was a low degree of
mobility of households from one poverty status to another in the
period 2004-2009, implying that the process of economic development
and high economic growth in the macroeconomy during this time
failed to improve the poverty situation in rural Bangladesh.
The study of poverty dynamics is important for effective poverty
alleviation policies because the changes in income poverty are also
accompanied by changes in socioeconomic factors such as literacy,
gender parity in school, health care, infant mortality, and asset
holdings. In order to examine the dynamics of poverty, information
from 1,212 households in 32 rural villages in Bangladesh was
collected in December 2004 and December 2009. This book reports the
analytical results from quantitative and qualitative surveys from
the same households at two points of time, which yielded the panel
data for understanding the changes in situations of poverty.
Efforts have been made to include the most recent research from
diverse disciplines including economics, statistics, anthropology,
education, health care, and vulnerability study. Specifically,
findings from logistic regression analysis, polychoric principal
component analysis, kernel density function, income mobility with
the help of the Markov chain model, and child nutrition status from
anthropometric measures have been presented. Asset holdings and
liabilities of the chronically poor as well as those of three other
economic groups (the descending non-poor, the ascending poor, and
the non-poor) are analyzed statistically. The degrees of
vulnerability to poverty are examined by years of schooling,
landholding size, gender of household head, social capital, and
occupation. The multiple logistic regression model was used to
identify important risk factors for a household's vulnerability. In
2009, some of the basic characteristics of the chronically poor
were: higher percentage and number of female-headed households,
higher dependency ratio, lower levels of education, fewer years of
schooling, and limited employment. There was a low degree of
mobility of households from one poverty status to another in the
period 2004-2009, implying that the process of economic development
and high economic growth in the macroeconomy during this time
failed to improve the poverty situation in rural Bangladesh.
Ethanolic extract of Xanthium indicum plant was prepared and tested
for its phytochemical and pharmacological investigation.
Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that extracts possessed
the active principles-alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycoside, flavonoid
& Tannin. The extract showed antioxidant property(IC50 ==136.45
ug/mL) compare to standard (ascorbic acid, IC50 =12.16 ug/mL). The
extract also shows antioxidant activity by reducing FeCl3. The
extract inhibited the acetic acid induced writhing in mice (47.5% P
Variation in language is the most common and natural phenomenon
found in all languages. It is an inherent property of almost all
widely used languages of the world. During the last few decades
Sociolinguistics has emerged as an autonomous field of study
correlating the dependent linguistic variables with independent
social variables for looking into the pattern and structure in
variation. Sociolinguistic research on variation not only reveals
significant information about a speech community but also provides
better insight into the nature of language by characterizing
variation as an integral constituent of speech community. Variation
in language can be found at all the levels of language and can also
be seen at regional, social and ethnic levels. Linguistic hierarchy
reflects social structure and social subordination in the group.
This creates the ideology of domination which makes the speakers to
believe that one variety of language is superior to others. This
study is based on the collection of data obtained through
questionnaire, interviews, etc. This work provides valuable
information regarding regional, social and ethnic varieties of Urdu
as spoken in North India.
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