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First published to wide critical acclaim in 1992, "The Two Cities"
has become an essential text for students of medieval history. For
the second edition, the author has thoroughly revised each chapter,
bringing the material up to date and taking the historiography of
the past decade into account.
"The Two Cities" covers a colorful period from the schism between
the eastern and western churches to the death of Dante. It
encompasses the Crusades, the expansionist force of the Normans,
major developments in the way kings, emperors and Popes exercised
their powers, a great flourishing of art and architecture and the
foundation of the very first universities. Running through it is
the defining characteristic of the high Middle Ages--the delicate
relationship between the spiritual and secular worlds. In medieval
times, these two essential elements of life were seen as the two
'cities' of the title, they could not be divided but there was
constant tension between them.
This survey provides all the facts and background information that
students need, and is defined into straightforward thematic
chapters. It makes extensive use of primary sources, and makes new
trends in research accessible to students. Its fresh approach gives
students the most rounded, lively and integrated view of the high
Middle Ages available.
In the second half of the twelfth century, the Catholic Church
became convinced that dualist heresy was taking root within
Christian society and that it was particularly strong in southern
France. The nature and extent of this heresy and the reaction of
the Church to the perceived threat have been the focus of extensive
research since the mid-nineteenth century, research which has
become especially intense in the last decade. Malcolm Barber's
second edition of The Cathars (which first appeared in 2000) brings
readers up-to-date with the challenges to previous conclusions of
recent scholarship. At the same time, the wider implications of the
subject remain relevant, most importantly the fundamental questions
raised by the belief in the existence of evil, the ethical problems
presented by the use of coercion to suppress forms of dissent
believed to threaten the social and religious fabric, and the
distortion of the past to underpin present-day policies and
arguments.
No written source is entirely without literary artifice, but the
letters sent from Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine in the high
middle ages come closest to recording the real feelings of those
who lived in and visited the crusader states. They are not, of
course, reflective pieces, but they do convey the immediacy of
circumstances which were frequently dramatic and often
life-threatening. Those settled in the East faced crises all the
time, while crusaders and pilgrims knew they were experiencing
defining moments in their lives. There are accounts of all the
great events from the triumph of the capture of Jerusalem in 1099
to the disasters of Hattin in 1187 and the loss of Acre in 1291.
These had an impact on the lives of all Latin Christians, but at
the same time individuals felt impelled to describe both their own
personal achievements and disappointments and the wonders and
horrors of what they had seen. Moreover, the representatives of the
military and monastic orders used letters as a means of maintaining
contact with the western houses, providing information about the
working of religious orders not found elsewhere. Some of the
letters translated here are famous, others hardly known, but all
offer unique insight into the minds of those who took part in the
crusading movement.
First published to wide critical acclaim in 1992, "The Two Cities"
has become an essential text for students of medieval history. For
the second edition, the author has thoroughly revised each chapter,
bringing the material up to date and taking the historiography of
the past decade into account.
"The Two Cities" covers a colorful period from the schism between
the eastern and western churches to the death of Dante. It
encompasses the Crusades, the expansionist force of the Normans,
major developments in the way kings, emperors and Popes exercised
their powers, a great flourishing of art and architecture and the
foundation of the very first universities. Running through it is
the defining characteristic of the high Middle Ages--the delicate
relationship between the spiritual and secular worlds. In medieval
times, these two essential elements of life were seen as the two
'cities' of the title, they could not be divided but there was
constant tension between them.
This survey provides all the facts and background information that
students need, and is defined into straightforward thematic
chapters. It makes extensive use of primary sources, and makes new
trends in research accessible to students. Its fresh approach gives
students the most rounded, lively and integrated view of the high
Middle Ages available.
In the second half of the twelfth century, the Catholic Church
became convinced that dualist heresy was taking root within
Christian society and that it was particularly strong in southern
France. The nature and extent of this heresy and the reaction of
the Church to the perceived threat have been the focus of extensive
research since the mid-nineteenth century, research which has
become especially intense in the last decade. Malcolm Barber's
second edition of The Cathars (which first appeared in 2000) brings
readers up-to-date with the challenges to previous conclusions of
recent scholarship. At the same time, the wider implications of the
subject remain relevant, most importantly the fundamental questions
raised by the belief in the existence of evil, the ethical problems
presented by the use of coercion to suppress forms of dissent
believed to threaten the social and religious fabric, and the
distortion of the past to underpin present-day policies and
arguments.
These articles seek to understand the attitudes and reactions of
medieval society to both external threat and internal dissension,
whether real or imagined. The crusaders encompass the Templars and
the Knights of St Lazarus, members of military orders committed to
the cause of perpetual battle for the faith; more reluctant secular
knights urged into the complicated conflicts of Latin Greece by the
papacy; and peasant enthusiasts from northern France, ultimately
turning their frustration on the clergy and the Jews. Heretics
range from Cathars, real opponents of the Church, to the lepers,
imaginary subverters of society, allegedly in league with the two
other perceived enemies of Western Christendom, the Jews and the
Muslims.
This work covers the history of those orders which combined
religion and caring with military prowess. Among the orders
covered: are the Hospitallers of St John; the Templars; the
Teutonic order; and the Spanish. The book also discusses the
perceptions and roles of the military orders.
Translation of eye-witness account of Third Crusade, with emphasis
on Richard the Lionheart. The Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, an early
example of vernacular chronicle, by the Norman poet Ambroise,
presents an eye-witness account of the Third Crusade (1188-92) in a
highly-polished rhetorical style. Central is the character of
Richard the Lion Heart, Ambroise's hero, but the narrative is also
enlivened by short anecdotes, sometimes heroic and sometimes more
down-to-earth, about other participants. It depicts clearly the
privations and sufferings of the ordinary crusaders, whether at the
siege of Acre or on the march, and provides both a detailed record
of events and a personal perspective on the Islamic warriors and
their leaders, in particular Saladin and Saphadin. Ambroise also
shows remarkable knowledge of contemporary weapons of war, such as
siege engines and types of ship. This volume offers a prose
translation into English. Detailed notes identify most of the
participants and clarify literary, biblical and historical
allusions, while the introduction looks at historical, literary and
philological aspects of the poem and assesses its significance as
literary artefact and historical record, setting it in context and
bringing forward new evidence about the identity of the poet. Dr
MARIANNE AILES teaches in the Department of French, University of
Bristol; MALCOLM BARBER is Professor of History at Reading
University.
Edition and English translation of eye-witness account of Third
Crusade, with emphasis on Richard the Lionheart. The Estoire de la
Guerre Sainte, an early example of vernacular chronicle, by the
Norman poet Ambroise, presents an eye-witness account of the Third
Crusade (1188-92) in a highly-polished rhetorical style. Central is
the character of Richard the Lion Heart, Ambroise's hero, but the
narrative is also enlivened by short anecdotes, sometimes heroic
and sometimes more down-to-earth, about other participants. It
depicts clearly the privations and sufferings of the ordinary
crusaders, whether at the siege of Acre or on the march, and
provides both a detailed record of events and a personal
perspective on the Islamic warriors and their leaders, in
particular Saladin and Saphadin. Ambroise also shows remarkable
knowledge of contemporary weapons of war, such as siege engines and
types of ship. This, the first new edition of the Estoire since
1897, offers text and prose translation into English. Detailed
notes identify most of the participants and clarify literary,
biblical and historical allusions, while the introduction looks at
historical, literary and philological aspects of the poem and
assesses its significance as literary artefact and historical
record, setting it in context and bringing forward new evidence
about the identity of the poet. Dr MARIANNE AILES is Lecturer at
Wadham College, University of Oxford, and Honorary Research Fellow
at Reading University; MALCOLM BARBER is Professor of History at
Reading University.
A revisionist approach to Eleanor of Aquitaine and the political,
social, cultural and religious world in which she lived. Eleanor of
Aquitaine (1124-1204) is one of the most important and well-known
figures of the Middle Ages; she exercised a huge influence on both
the course of history, and on the cultural life, of the time. The
essays in this collection use her as a point of entry into
wider-ranging discussions of the literary, social, political and
religious milieux into which she was born, and to which she
contributed; they address many of the misconceptions that have
grown around both Eleanor herself and the medieval Midi in general,
and open up new areas of debate. Topics explored include the work
of the troubadours and the importance to them of patronage;
perceptions of southern France and itsinhabitants by outsiders; the
early history of the Templars in southern France; cultural contacts
between the Midi and other parts of the Latin world; the uses of
ritual and historical myth in the expression of political power;
and attitudes towards women. Contributors: Catherine Leglu, Marcus
Bull, Richard W. Barber, Daniel F. Callahan, Malcolm Barber, John
B. Gillingham, Linda Paterson, Ruth Harvey, Daniel Power, Laurent
Mace, William Paden.
Reviewing the first volume in this series, Christopher Allmand,
writing in English Historical Review, said: Once again, a volume of
papers published by the Boydell Press has made a useful
interdisciplinary contribution to an important and difficult
subject. Historians may read this book with profit.' But not only
historians, for the contributions to these volumes are
wide-ranging, and cover all aspects of culture in the middle ages,
with a strong emphasis on continental literature.
The Templars were members of a monastic order established in 1099
after the success of the First Crusade. Enjoying the support of
both the Church and the laity and vowed to poverty, chastity and
obedience, these 'fighting monks' were the vital defenders of the
holy places of the Latin States in Palestine and Syria. A unique
collection of translated sources documenting the origins of the
Order and the circumstances of its suppression and dissolution.
Offers a valuable insight into the lives of those who joined,
supported, and attacked this most fascinating and enigmatic of
institutions. Examines the many and varied facets of the Order's
activities during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. There is no
other book of translated sources devoted in its entirety to the
Templars. -- .
The monk and the knight -- the two quintessentially medieval
European heroes -- were combined in the Knights Templar and in the
other military orders founded in the era of the Crusades. With
characteristic eloquence, Bernard of Clairvaux voices the cleric's
view of knights, warfare, and the conquest of the Holy Land in five
chapters on the knights' vocation. Then the cistercian abbot who
never visited Palestine and discouraged monks who proposed doing
so, in another eight chapters, provides a spiritual tour of the
pilgrimage sites guarded by this 'new kind of knighthood and one
unknown to ages gone by.'
The only full account of life and culture in the twelfth-century
crusader states, where religious battles raged and civilizations
collided When the armies of the First Crusade wrested Jerusalem
from control of the Fatimids of Egypt in 1099, they believed their
victory was an evident sign of God's favor. It was, therefore,
incumbent upon them to fulfill what they understood to be God's
plan: to reestablish Christian control of Syria and Palestine. This
book is devoted to the resulting settlements, the crusader states,
that developed around the eastern shores of the Mediterranean and
survived until Richard the Lionheart's departure in 1192. Focusing
on Jerusalem, Antioch, Tripoli, and Edessa, Malcolm Barber vividly
reconstructs the crusaders' arduous process of establishing and
protecting their settlements, and the simultaneous struggle of
vanquished inhabitants to adapt to life alongside their conquerors.
Rich with colorful accounts of major military campaigns, the book
goes much deeper, exploring in detail the culture of the crusader
states-the complex indigenous inheritance; the architecture; the
political, legal, and economic institutions; the ecclesiastical
framework through which the crusaders perceived the world; the
origins of the Knights Templar and the Hospitallers; and more. With
the zest of a scholar pursuing a lifelong interest, Barber presents
a complete narrative and cultural history of the crusader states
while setting a new standard for the term "total history."
The Order of the Temple, founded in 1119 to protect pilgrims around
Jerusalem, developed into one of the most influential corporations
in the medieval world. It has retained its hold on the modern
imagination thanks to the dramatic events of the Templars' trial
and abolition two hundred years later, and has been involved in
historical mysteries from masonic conspiracy to the survival of the
Turin shroud. Malcolm Barber's lucid narrative separates myth from
history in this full and detailed account of the Order, from its
origins, flourishing and suppression to the Templars' historical
afterlife.
The Order of the Temple, founded in 1119 to protect pilgrims around
Jerusalem, developed into one of the most influential corporations
in the medieval world. It has retained its hold on the modern
imagination thanks to the dramatic events of the Templars' trial
and abolition two hundred years later, and has been invoked in
historical mysteries from masonic conspiracy to the survival of the
Turin shroud. Malcolm Barber's lucid narrative separates myth from
history in this full and detailed account of the Order, from its
origins, flourishing and suppression to the Templars' historic
afterlife.
The Templars fought against Islam in the crusader east for nearly
two centuries. During that time the original small band grew into a
formidable army, backed by an extensive network of preceptories in
the Latin West. In October 1307, the members of this seemingly
invulnerable and respected Order were arrested on the orders of
Philip IV, King of France and charged with serious heresies,
including the denial of Christ, homosexuality and idol worship. The
ensuing proceedings lasted for almost five years and culminated in
the suppression of the Order. The motivations of the participants
and the long-term repercussions of the trial have been the subject
of intense and unresolved controversy, which still has resonances
in our own time. In this new edition of his classic account,
Malcolm Barber discusses the trial in the context of new work on
the crusades, heresy, the papacy and the French monarchy.
Malcolm Barber's classic The Trial of the Templars recounts the
dramatic demise of this elite military force in the fourteenth
century. Having fought against Islam in the crusades in the East
for nearly two centuries, in October 1307 the members of this
respected Order were arrested on the order of Philip IV, King of
France, and charged with serious heresies, including homosexuality
and the denial of Christ. Finding resonances between the
fourteenth-century trial and contemporary events, Barber's classic
account endeavours to tackle the unresolved controversies
surrounding the consequences of the trial, and includes discussions
in the context of new work on the crusades, heresy, the papacy and
the French monarchy.
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