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Historians have largely agreed that Pemberton should shoulder the
blame for the poor Confederate performance during the Vicksburg
campaign. General consensus exists among American Civil War
historians that Pemberton proved a confused, indecisive, and
incompetent commander and his poor leadership led to the
Confederate defeat. However, an examination of the Vicksburg
campaign conducted at the operational level of war shows that
throughout the campaign, Pemberton led a capable and competent
defense not just of Vicksburg, but of the Mississippi Department he
commanded. He relied on an operational approach that involved
fighting from prepared defensive positions in favorable terrain
deep in his own territory and anchored by natural obstacles. To
attack such a position, Pemberton knew an opponent would need a
large force operating over an extended line of communications
(LOC). Pemberton intended to interdict his opponent's LOC using a
strong cavalry force, thus preventing the enemy from achieving the
offensive momentum necessary to break through Vicksburg's defenses.
This was a sound operational approach. However, it failed because
of an ineffective Confederate command structure that, among other
failures, denied Pemberton the resources, particularly adequate
cavalry forces, required to implement his operational approach.
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