ThisbookdependsonadissertationpreparedattheDepartementofGeosciencesat theUniversityHamburg. ItwasacceptedbytheDepartementwiththegradesumma cumlaudein2008. IwouldliketothankmyacademicadvisorProf. Dr. WilfriedZahelforhisconstant supportandforthelongandconstructivediscussions. Further,IwouldliketothankProf. Dr. Jur .. genSundermann .. forintroducingmeto theInternationalMaxPlanckResearchSchool. TheInternationalMaxPlanckResearchSchoolforMaritimeAffairsandinparticu larProf. Dr. Dr. h. c. Jur .. genBasedowandhisco directorsarethankedforgivingme theopportunitytoperformthisstudyinHamburg. IacknowledgethecomputationalsupportoftheDKRZandNEC,especiallythe helpfulcommentsofKlausKetelsenandJens OlafBeismann. LastbutnotleastmanythankstomywifeJanaSillmannandmysonDariusfor givingmethetimeIneededforthisstudyandprovidingajoyfulandlovinghome. ThisworkhasbeenfundedbytheInternationalMaxPlanckResearchSchoolfor MaritimeAffairsattheUniversityHamburg. Hamburg,August2008 MalteMuller .. Contents Abstract...1 1 Introduction...3 2 TheoryandModel ...7 2. 1 Theory ...7 2. 1. 1 SecondaryForces:TheLoadingandSelf AttractionEffect . 8 2. 1. 2 TheEquationsofMotionandtheEquationofContinuity...11 2. 1. 3 EnergyBalance...1 4 2. 1. 4 ParameterizationoftheLSA AnAnalyticalApproach ...16 2. 2 Model...18 2. 2. 1 TheImplicitlyRestartedArnoldiMethod...19 2. 2. 2 TheParallelizationwithMPI ...21 2. 2. 3 ThePerformanceoftheModel...21 3 TheFreeOscillations...23 3. 1 GravitationalModes...23 3. 1. 1 The? value...24 3. 1. 2 TheIn?uenceoftheLSA ...25 3. 1. 3 TheAntarcticKelvinWave...30 3. 1. 4 NewModes...30 3. 1. 5 TheSlowestModes ...31 3. 2 VorticityModes...32 3. 2. 1 TopographicalVorticityModes...32 3. 2. 2 PlanetaryVorticityModes...34 4 SynthesisofForcedOscillations...39 4. 1 TidalDynamicsandtheIn?uenceofLSA...40 4. 1. 1 TheProcedureofTidalSynthesis...40 4. 1. 2 LSA effectonForcedOscillations...45 4. 1. 3 TheSynthesisoftheSemidiurnalandDiurnalTides...50 xi xii Contents 4. 2 IntegrationoftheSolutionsofaTidalModelwithAssimilationof Data...55 4. 2. 1 NewExpansionCoef?cients...55 4. 2. 2 NewFrequenciesandAdjointEigenfunctions ...59 4. 2. 3 Results...61 4. 2. 4 Summary...70 4. 2. 5 Discussion...71 5 Conclusion ...73 Figures...75 Tables...101 Appendix...105 ListofSymbols ...109 References...113 Index ...1 17 Abstract AnewsetofbarotropicfreeoscillationsoftheWorldOceaniscomputedwithex plicitconsiderationofdissipativetermsandthefulloceanloadingandself attraction effect(LSA). Thissetcontainsfreeoscillationsthatdidnotappearinthespectraof previousstudies. Furthermore,theexpansiontowardslongerperiods(165hours) yieldsnewglobalplanetarymodes. Altogether169freeoscillationsarecomputed withperiodslongerthan7. 7hours. Ofthese,71aregravitationalmodes,92areto pographicallycontrolledvorticitymodes,and6areplanetaryvorticitymodes. The in?uenceoftheLSAisinvestigatedforallthreekindsofmodeswithrespectto changesintheperiodsandinthespatialstructureoftheseasurfaceelevationand thehorizontalmasstransports. Inparticular,formodesinthesemi diurnalanddi urnalperiodrange,theparameterizationoftheLSAisanalyzed. Forthefreeoscillationsintheperiodrangefrom9to40hoursthecorresponding adjointsolutionsarecomputedandusedtosynthesizesemidiurnalanddiurnaltides ofseconddegree. Sincethesefreeoscillationsaredeterminedwithandwithoutcon siderationofthefullLSA effect,thisstudyallowsforadetailedanalysisoftheLSA onthedynamicsofoceantides,e. g. anphysicalexplanationisgivenfortheinduced phasedelaycomputedbyoceantidemodels. Further,thesynthesisgivesaspectral compositionofcertainwellknowntidalfeaturesandpairsoffreeoscillationsare identi?ed,diminishingtheircontributioneitheronaglobalorlocalscale. Further,semidiurnalanddiurnaltidalsolutionsofatidalmodelwithassimilation ofdataareintegratedintheprocedureofsynthesizingtides.

In the 30 years since the emergence of the post-Soviet conflicts things have both changed and remained the same - continuities and changes in post-Soviet conflicts are the primary themes of this volume - it addresses all major wars, civil wars, and rebellions in the former Soviet Union. The volume focuses on factors that have contributed or may contribute to the resolution of the post-Soviet conflicts, most of which have represented rather long and damaging crises. In all conflict cases Moscow has been guided by Russian state interests - some have been instigated or fueled, others driven to a frozen state, and still a couple of others have been constructively resolved due to Moscow's intervention. Russia has used a long-term strategy for the resolution of those conflicts that have taken place on its soil, but in regards to the conflicts in other post-Soviet states, there is no long-term solution in sight. As such, the conflicts in Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and Nagorniy Karabakh, remain unresolved involving not only the named states, but Russia as well. They may represent localized national or regional crisis impacting only the states involved, but for the Russian Federation they epitomize one huge post-Soviet crisis with no obvious end.

In the 30 years since the emergence of the post-Soviet conflicts things have both changed and remained the same - continuities and changes in post-Soviet conflicts are the primary themes of this volume - it addresses all major wars, civil wars, and rebellions in the former Soviet Union. The volume focuses on factors that have contributed or may contribute to the resolution of the post-Soviet conflicts, most of which have represented rather long and damaging crises. In all conflict cases Moscow has been guided by Russian state interests - some have been instigated or fueled, others driven to a frozen state, and still a couple of others have been constructively resolved due to Moscow's intervention. Russia has used a long-term strategy for the resolution of those conflicts that have taken place on its soil, but in regards to the conflicts in other post-Soviet states, there is no long-term solution in sight. As such, the conflicts in Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, and Nagorniy Karabakh, remain unresolved involving not only the named states, but Russia as well. They may represent localized national or regional crisis impacting only the states involved, but for the Russian Federation they epitomize one huge post-Soviet crisis with no obvious end.