This book presents the findings of a Department for International Development (DFID) funded project. It has been written for policy-makers and professional staff of urban government, development agencies and non-government organizations in low-income countries. The book aims to help improve the poor practices of municipal solid waste management that prevail in many low-income countries - a subject that has received comparatively little attention to other aspects of infrastructure such as water supply and transport. It is a complex subject embracing waste collection, transfer, haulage and disposal and its impacts are wide, including for example, effects on environmental health, municipal finance and management, waste reuse, and informal sector employment.

Waste pickers in Dhaka make their living by selling recyclable items collected from dumped waste. Most are children living on the streets or in slums where they have little access to infrastructure, a low status in society and an uncertain future. This book is based on a period of fieldwork in Dhaka which explored their livelihoods using the DFID Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA). It presents much of the livelihood information gathered, and discusses the effectiveness of the SLA in this urban context. The book also raises a number of methodological issues relating to research with mostly illiterate, underprivileged children.

These field notes present the findings of a focused research project into the 'actual processes of change in low-income countries' carried out as a part of the Knowledge and Research Programme (KAR) of the Department for International Development (DFID), UK. The project (R7143) aims to build capacities of government and non-government organisations in primary collection of solid waste. These field notes are written for organisations and individuals who in one way or another support the development of solid waste systems in low-income countries.

The toxicity, repellency and fumigant activity of three essential oils were evaluated against the Periplaneta americana (L.) under laboratory conditions. The essential oil of C. citratus exhibited complete repellency (up to 100%) against P. americana using different concentration (4, 5, 6 and 7%) after 24 hours. LC50 value for C. citratus is 8.013, 7.050, 4.897 and 3.391 at 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours. Fumigant activity ranging from 70-100% was observed using C.citratus under laboratory conditions against P. americana. Satisfactory toxicity 10-100% was found using Mentha arvensis at different concentrations between different time interval (2-24 hours). In case of M.arvensis LC50 value for contact toxicity is 8.122, 8.013, 6.004 and 4.640 after 2,4, 6 and 24 hours. Fumigation value ranges from 50-80% was seen in case of M.arvensis at different concentrations. Least toxicity, repellency and fumigant activity was observed in case of Eucalyptus citrodora. %age mortality from 0-80% was achieved between 2-24hours at different concentrations. LC50 value is 8.268, 10.292, 7.050 and 4.814 after 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours. 40-60% fumigant activity was observed after 24 hours at different concentrations.

Since last two decades the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) is progressing very well and has created international recognition in stock trading business. This progress is the result of reformations applied by the Security Commission of Pakistan, with the help of the Government of Pakistan. But still in comparison with developed stock exchanges of the world, KSE is far behind in terms of infrastructure and use of technology for trading. KSE needs a lot of improvement to reach at the level of developed stock markets of the world. This is a comparative study in which the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) is compared with two world's leading stock markets, the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and the OMX Nordic Exchange Stockholm (OMXS) to identify needed changes in KSE to convert it into one of the leading stock exchanges in the region as well as in the world.