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This book presents the findings of a Department for International
Development (DFID) funded project. It has been written for
policy-makers and professional staff of urban government,
development agencies and non-government organizations in low-income
countries. The book aims to help improve the poor practices of
municipal solid waste management that prevail in many low-income
countries - a subject that has received comparatively little
attention to other aspects of infrastructure such as water supply
and transport. It is a complex subject embracing waste collection,
transfer, haulage and disposal and its impacts are wide, including
for example, effects on environmental health, municipal finance and
management, waste reuse, and informal sector employment.
Waste pickers in Dhaka make their living by selling recyclable
items collected from dumped waste. Most are children living on the
streets or in slums where they have little access to
infrastructure, a low status in society and an uncertain future.
This book is based on a period of fieldwork in Dhaka which explored
their livelihoods using the DFID Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
(SLA). It presents much of the livelihood information gathered, and
discusses the effectiveness of the SLA in this urban context. The
book also raises a number of methodological issues relating to
research with mostly illiterate, underprivileged children.
These field notes present the findings of a focused research
project into the 'actual processes of change in low-income
countries' carried out as a part of the Knowledge and Research
Programme (KAR) of the Department for International Development
(DFID), UK. The project (R7143) aims to build capacities of
government and non-government organisations in primary collection
of solid waste. These field notes are written for organisations and
individuals who in one way or another support the development of
solid waste systems in low-income countries.
The toxicity, repellency and fumigant activity of three essential
oils were evaluated against the Periplaneta americana (L.) under
laboratory conditions. The essential oil of C. citratus exhibited
complete repellency (up to 100%) against P. americana using
different concentration (4, 5, 6 and 7%) after 24 hours. LC50 value
for C. citratus is 8.013, 7.050, 4.897 and 3.391 at 2, 4, 6 and 24
hours. Fumigant activity ranging from 70-100% was observed using
C.citratus under laboratory conditions against P. americana.
Satisfactory toxicity 10-100% was found using Mentha arvensis at
different concentrations between different time interval (2-24
hours). In case of M.arvensis LC50 value for contact toxicity is
8.122, 8.013, 6.004 and 4.640 after 2,4, 6 and 24 hours. Fumigation
value ranges from 50-80% was seen in case of M.arvensis at
different concentrations. Least toxicity, repellency and fumigant
activity was observed in case of Eucalyptus citrodora. %age
mortality from 0-80% was achieved between 2-24hours at different
concentrations. LC50 value is 8.268, 10.292, 7.050 and 4.814 after
2, 4, 6 and 24 hours. 40-60% fumigant activity was observed after
24 hours at different concentrations.
Since last two decades the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) is
progressing very well and has created international recognition in
stock trading business. This progress is the result of reformations
applied by the Security Commission of Pakistan, with the help of
the Government of Pakistan. But still in comparison with developed
stock exchanges of the world, KSE is far behind in terms of
infrastructure and use of technology for trading. KSE needs a lot
of improvement to reach at the level of developed stock markets of
the world. This is a comparative study in which the Karachi Stock
Exchange (KSE) is compared with two world's leading stock markets,
the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and the OMX Nordic Exchange
Stockholm (OMXS) to identify needed changes in KSE to convert it
into one of the leading stock exchanges in the region as well as in
the world.
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