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A defining feature of nonlinear hyperbolic equations is the
occurrence of shock waves. While the popular shock-capturing
methods are easy to implement, shock-fitting techniques provide the
most accurate results. A Shock-Fitting Primer presents the proper
numerical treatment of shock waves and other discontinuities. The
book begins by recounting the events that lead to our understanding
of the theory of shock waves and the early developments related to
their computation. After presenting the main shock-fitting ideas in
the context of a simple scalar equation, the author applies
Colombeau's theory of generalized functions to the Euler equations
to demonstrate how the theory recovers well-known results and to
provide an in-depth understanding of the nature of jump conditions.
He then extends the shock-fitting concepts previously discussed to
the one-dimensional and quasi-one-dimensional Euler equations as
well as two-dimensional flows. The final chapter explores existing
and future developments in shock-fitting methods within the
framework of unstructured grid methods. Throughout the text, the
techniques developed are illustrated with numerous examples of
varying complexity. On the accompanying downloadable resources,
MATLAB (R) codes serve as concrete examples of how to implement the
ideas discussed in the book.
This volume contains the proceedings of the first ICASE/LaRC Work
shop on Computational Electromagnetics and Its Applications
conducted by the Institute for Computer Applications in Science and
Engineering and NASA Langley Research Center. We had several goals
in mind when we decided, jointly with the Elec tromagnetics
Research Branch, to organize this workshop on Computa tional
Electromagnetics ( CEM). Among our goals were a desire to obtain an
overview of the current state of CEM, covering both algorithms and
ap plications and their effect on NASA's activities in this area.
In addition, we wanted to provide an attractive setting for
computational scientists with expertise in other fields, especially
computational fluid dynamics (CFD), to observe the algorithms and
tools of CEM at work. Our expectation was that scientists from both
fields would discover mutually beneficial inter connections and
relationships. Another goal was to learn of progress in solution
algorithms for electromagnetic optimization and design problems;
such problems make extensive use of field solvers and computational
effi ciency is at a premium. To achieve these goals we assembled
the renowned group of speakers from academia and industry whose
talks are contained in this volume. The papers are printed in the
same order in which the talks were pre sented at the meeting. The
first paper is an overview of work currently being performed in the
Electromagnetic Research Branch at the Langley Research Center."
Turbulence modeling both addresses a fundamental problem in
physics, 'the last great unsolved problem of classical physics, '
and has far-reaching importance in the solution of difficult
practical problems from aeronautical engineering to dynamic
meteorology. However, the growth of supercom puter facilities has
recently caused an apparent shift in the focus of tur bulence
research from modeling to direct numerical simulation (DNS) and
large eddy simulation (LES). This shift in emphasis comes at a time
when claims are being made in the world around us that scientific
analysis itself will shortly be transformed or replaced by a more
powerful 'paradigm' based on massive computations and sophisticated
visualization. Although this viewpoint has not lacked ar ticulate
and influential advocates, these claims can at best only be judged
premature. After all, as one computational researcher lamented,
'the com puter only does what I tell it to do, and not what I want
it to do. ' In turbulence research, the initial speculation that
computational meth ods would replace not only model-based
computations but even experimen tal measurements, have not come
close to fulfillment. It is becoming clear that computational
methods and model development are equal partners in turbulence
research: DNS and LES remain valuable tools for suggesting and
validating models, while turbulence models continue to be the
preferred tool for practical computations. We believed that a
symposium which would reaffirm the practical and scientific
importance of turbulence modeling was both necessary and timely."
In this volume, designed for engineers and scientists working in
the area of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), experts offer
assessments of the capabilities of CFD, highlight some fundamental
issues and barriers, and propose novel approaches to overcome these
problems. They also offer new avenues for research in traditional
and non-traditional disciplines. The scope of the papers ranges
from the scholarly to the practical. This book is distinguished
from earlier surveys by its emphasis on the problems facing CFD and
by its focus on non-traditional applications of CFD techniques.
There have been several significant developments in CFD since the
last workshop held in 1990 and this book brings together the key
developments in a single unified volume.
Over the last decade, the role of computational simulations in all
aspects of aerospace design has steadily increased. However,
despite the many advances, the time required for computations is
far too long. This book examines new ideas and methodologies that
may, in the next twenty years, revolutionize scientific computing.
The book specifically looks at trends in algorithm research, human
computer interface, network-based computing, surface modeling and
grid generation and computer hardware and architecture. The book
provides a good overview of the current state-of-the-art and
provides guidelines for future research directions. The book is
intended for computational scientists active in the field and
program managers making strategic research decisions.
An outstanding feature of this book is a collection of
state-of-the-art reviews written by leading researchers in the
nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes, nanocrystalline materials,
biomechanics and polymer nanocomposites. The structure and
properties of carbon nanotubes, polycrystalline metals, and
coatings are discussed in great details. The book is an exceptional
resource on multi-scale modelling of metals, nanocomposites, MEMS
materials and biomedical applications. An extensive bibliography
concerning all these topics is included. Highlights on
bio-materials, MEMS, and the latest multi-scale methods (e.g.,
molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo) are presented. Numerous
illustrations of inter-atomic potentials, nanotube deformation and
fracture, grain rotation and growth in solids, ceramic coating
structures, blood flows and cell adhesion are discussed.
This book provides a comprehensive review of latest developments in
the analysis of mechanical phenomena in nanotechnology and
bio-nanotechnology.
An outstanding feature of this book is a collection of
state-of-the-art reviews written by leading researchers in the
nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes, nanocrystalline materials,
biomechanics and polymer nanocomposites. The structure and
properties of carbon nanotubes, polycrystalline metals, and
coatings are discussed in great details. The book is an exceptional
resource on multi-scale modelling of metals, nanocomposites, MEMS
materials and biomedical applications. An extensive bibliography
concerning all these topics is included. Highlights on
bio-materials, MEMS, and the latest multi-scale methods (e.g.,
molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo) are presented. Numerous
illustrations of inter-atomic potentials, nanotube deformation and
fracture, grain rotation and growth in solids, ceramic coating
structures, blood flows and cell adhesion are discussed.
This book provides a comprehensive review of latest developments in
the analysis of mechanical phenomena in nanotechnology and
bio-nanotechnology.
Over the last decade, the role of computational simulations in all
aspects of aerospace design has steadily increased. However,
despite the many advances, the time required for computations is
far too long. This book examines new ideas and methodologies that
may, in the next twenty years, revolutionize scientific computing.
The book specifically looks at trends in algorithm research, human
computer interface, network-based computing, surface modeling and
grid generation and computer hardware and architecture. The book
provides a good overview of the current state-of-the-art and
provides guidelines for future research directions. The book is
intended for computational scientists active in the field and
program managers making strategic research decisions.
Turbulence modeling both addresses a fundamental problem in
physics, 'the last great unsolved problem of classical physics, '
and has far-reaching importance in the solution of difficult
practical problems from aeronautical engineering to dynamic
meteorology. However, the growth of supercom puter facilities has
recently caused an apparent shift in the focus of tur bulence
research from modeling to direct numerical simulation (DNS) and
large eddy simulation (LES). This shift in emphasis comes at a time
when claims are being made in the world around us that scientific
analysis itself will shortly be transformed or replaced by a more
powerful 'paradigm' based on massive computations and sophisticated
visualization. Although this viewpoint has not lacked ar ticulate
and influential advocates, these claims can at best only be judged
premature. After all, as one computational researcher lamented,
'the com puter only does what I tell it to do, and not what I want
it to do. ' In turbulence research, the initial speculation that
computational meth ods would replace not only model-based
computations but even experimen tal measurements, have not come
close to fulfillment. It is becoming clear that computational
methods and model development are equal partners in turbulence
research: DNS and LES remain valuable tools for suggesting and
validating models, while turbulence models continue to be the
preferred tool for practical computations. We believed that a
symposium which would reaffirm the practical and scientific
importance of turbulence modeling was both necessary and timely."
This publication documents the proceedings of the first Workshop on
Computational Electromagnetics (CEM) and Applications, hosted by
the Institute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering
(ICASE) and the NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia,
29-31 May, 1996, and attended by approximately 70 people from
academia, government laboratories, and industry. ICASE's charter
mission in 1972 remains today - to explore novel computer
environments (vector in the 1970s; parallel in the 1990s) for
scientific computing. These proceedings provide a necessary
foundation for symposia in computational electromagnetics for
future aerospace applications. The objectives of this CEM Workshop
were to provide a forum for many of the leaders of the community to
assess the state of CEM technology and to discuss areas of research
for future programmatic planning activities. Workshop sessions
included topics on optimization, industrial applications,
algorithms, and a special panel session was provided during which
issues were discussed and future research areas were identified.
Hopefully, this publication will stimulate and improve
communication among multidisciplinary researchers as well as
highlighting several CEM areas that need improvement - especially
for highly challenging problems. The two most important criteria in
the selection of speakers for the workshop were their substantial
contribution to large-scale CEM problems and their ability to
articulate the issues confronting the CEM research community. Based
on the results obtained, it is anticipated that this publication
will be useful to government, industry, and university researchers
to plan future research tasks in CEM analyticalmethods and
applications.
In this volume, designed for engineers and scientists working in
the area of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), experts offer
assessments of the capabilities of CFD, highlight some fundamental
issues and barriers, and propose novel approaches to overcome these
problems. They also offer new avenues for research in traditional
and non-traditional disciplines. The scope of the papers ranges
from the scholarly to the practical. This book is distinguished
from earlier surveys by its emphasis on the problems facing CFD and
by its focus on non-traditional applications of CFD techniques.
There have been several significant developments in CFD since the
last workshop held in 1990 and this book brings together the key
developments in a single unified volume.
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