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The last two decades have seen prodigious growth in the application
of brain imaging methods to questions of substance abuse and
addiction. Despite considerable advances in our understanding of
the central effects of drugs provided by preclinical data,
relatively little direct evidence was known of how substances of
abuse affect the brain and other eNS processes in humans. Brain
imaging techniques have allowed access to the human brain and
enabled the asking of questions never before imagined. The positron
emission tomography (PET) data ofVolkow and her colleagues in the
late 1980s, showing the uptake and time course of cocaine's binding
in the human brain, revealed for the first time the distinct sites
of action of this drug. This work was extremely important because
it showed clearly, through imaging a drug in the brain of a living
human, that the time course of its action paralleled the behavioral
state of "high. " This study marked a turning point in our
understanding of drug-brain-behav ior interactions in humans. Many
more investigations of drug effects on the structure and function
of the human brain were soon to follow, leading to much better
insights into brain systems. Brain imaging allowed for the direct
assessment of structural and functional anatomy, biology, and
chemistry in substance abusers.
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