Central American countries spend approximately one percent of their aggregate gross domestic product subsidizing residential electricity consumption. This amount is comparable with what these countries spend on education and social assistance. The pressure that electricity subsidies exert on government budgets is particularly high when international energy prices rise. Electricity subsidies also provide perverse incentives for the overconsumption of electricity as households do not pay the true cost of their consumption, which in turn reduces incentives to increase energy efficiency. This book answers key questions regarding residential electricity subsidies in Central America. In particular: How do the subsidy mechanisms function in each country? What are their fiscal costs? Are these subsidies good value for the money? How efficient are subsidies in reaching households in need, and what drives this efficiency? What are the reform options? The main message of this book is that there is considerable scope for improving the efficiency of electricity subsidies in Central America by better targeting them to low-income households. The book shows that electricity subsidies help reduce the burden of electricity costs on the lowest-income groups. However, the existing electricity subsidy schemes are very inefficient at targeting resources to low-income households, with the majority of government spending going to higher-income households. Indeed, most countries in the region have the opportunity to significantly reduce the fiscal costs of electricity subsidies without imposing significant costs on households, particularly poor households. Given the limited fiscal space in the region and the major needs of the countries in terms of social services and physical infrastructure, this study seeks to provide Central American policymakers with the analytical foundations necessary to assess the costs and benefits of their electricity subsidy mechanisms, and design effective reform strategies that reflect their unique circumstances and policy priorities.

La necesidad de obtener informacion especializada en forma rapida, segura, eficiente y a un bajo costo, es una realidad inherente dentro y fuera de un ambiente laboral y educativo. Actualmente, no existen muchas aplicaciones conocidas que, ademas de cumplir el requisito de proporcionar informacion, cuenten con mecanismos de identificacion automaticos y con una jerarquizacion de privilegios de la informacion Imaginemos cambiar el ambiente educativo por medio de dispositivos moviles Asi, si un profesor llega al aula de clase, la red movil automaticamente lo identificara y en breve, se cargaran en su dispositivo movil todos los privilegios a los cuales tiene acceso: listas de alumnos, horario de clase, etc. En el presente trabajo, se aborda la propuesta de un modelo de administracion de servicios en red para ambientes educativos, basado en conceptos de dominio en red, computo ubicuo y tipos de servicios, donde los usuarios tendran la capacidad de acceder a diferentes servicios y/o aplicaciones presentes en el entorno de forma transparente, en cualquier momento y lugar, mediante diferentes dispositivos moviles, de acuerdo a su perfil de usuario y a la localizacion dentro del campus."